TestON/drivers/common/cli/onosdriver.py

#!/usr/bin/env python

"""
This driver interacts with ONOS bench, the OSGi platform
that configures the ONOS nodes. ( aka ONOS-next )

Please follow the coding style demonstrated by existing
functions and document properly.

If you are a contributor to the driver, please
list your email here for future contact:

jhall@onlab.us
andrew@onlab.us

OCT 9 2014

"""
import sys
import time
import pexpect
import os.path
from requests.models import Response
sys.path.append( "../" )
from drivers.common.clidriver import CLI


class OnosDriver( CLI ):

    def __init__( self ):
        """
        Initialize client
        """
        self.name = None
        self.home = None
        self.handle = None
        super( CLI, self ).__init__()

    def connect( self, **connectargs ):
        """
        Creates ssh handle for ONOS "bench".
        """
        try:
            for key in connectargs:
                vars( self )[ key ] = connectargs[ key ]
            self.home = "~/onos"
            for key in self.options:
                if key == "home":
                    self.home = self.options[ 'home' ]
                    break
            if self.home is None or self.home == "":
                self.home = "~/onos"

            self.name = self.options[ 'name' ]
            self.handle = super( OnosDriver, self ).connect(
                user_name=self.user_name,
                ip_address=self.ip_address,
                port=self.port,
                pwd=self.pwd,
                home=self.home )

            self.handle.sendline( "cd " + self.home )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            if self.handle:
                return self.handle
            else:
                main.log.info( "NO ONOS HANDLE" )
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def disconnect( self ):
        """
        Called when Test is complete to disconnect the ONOS handle.
        """
        response = main.TRUE
        try:
            if self.handle:
                self.handle.sendline( "" )
                self.handle.expect( "\$" )
                self.handle.sendline( "exit" )
                self.handle.expect( "closed" )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
        except ValueError:
            main.log.exception( "Exception in disconnect of " + self.name )
            response = main.TRUE
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Connection failed to the host" )
            response = main.FALSE
        return response

    def getEpochMs( self ):
        """
        Returns milliseconds since epoch
        
        When checking multiple nodes in a for loop, 
        around a hundred milliseconds of difference (ascending) is 
        generally acceptable due to calltime of the function. 
        Few seconds, however, is not and it means clocks 
        are off sync. 
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( 'date +%s.%N' )
            self.handle.expect( 'date \+\%s\.\%N' )
            self.handle.expect( '\$' )
            epochMs = self.handle.before
            return epochMs
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( 'Uncaught exception getting epoch time' )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosPackage( self, opTimeout=30 ):
        """
        Produce a self-contained tar.gz file that can be deployed
        and executed on any platform with Java 7 JRE.
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "onos-package" )
            self.handle.expect( "onos-package" )
            self.handle.expect( "tar.gz", opTimeout )
            handle = str( self.handle.before )
            main.log.info( "onos-package command returned: " +
                           handle )
            # As long as the sendline does not time out,
            # return true. However, be careful to interpret
            # the results of the onos-package command return
            return main.TRUE

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( "Failed to package ONOS" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosBuild( self ):
        """
        Use the pre defined script to build onos via mvn
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "onos-build" )
            self.handle.expect( "onos-build" )
            i = self.handle.expect( [
                "BUILD SUCCESS",
                "ERROR",
                "BUILD FAILED" ],
                timeout=120 )
            handle = str( self.handle.before )

            main.log.info( "onos-build command returned: " +
                           handle )

            if i == 0:
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                return handle

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( "Failed to build ONOS" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def cleanInstall( self, mciTimeout=600 ):
        """
        Runs mvn clean install in the root of the ONOS directory.
        This will clean all ONOS artifacts then compile each module

        Returns: main.TRUE on success
        On Failure, exits the test
        """
        try:
            main.log.info( "Running 'mvn clean install' on " +
                           str( self.name ) +
                           ". This may take some time." )
            self.handle.sendline( "cd " + self.home )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )

            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "mvn clean install" )
            self.handle.expect( "mvn clean install" )
            while True:
                i = self.handle.expect( [
                    'There\sis\sinsufficient\smemory\sfor\sthe\sJava\s' +
                    'Runtime\sEnvironment\sto\scontinue',
                    'BUILD\sFAILURE',
                    'BUILD\sSUCCESS',
                    'onos\$',  #TODO: fix this to be more generic?
                    'ONOS\$',
                    pexpect.TIMEOUT ], mciTimeout )
                if i == 0:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ":There is insufficient memory \
                            for the Java Runtime Environment to continue." )
                    # return main.FALSE
                    main.cleanup()
                    main.exit()
                if i == 1:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": Build failure!" )
                    # return main.FALSE
                    main.cleanup()
                    main.exit()
                elif i == 2:
                    main.log.info( self.name + ": Build success!" )
                elif i == 3 or i == 4:
                    main.log.info( self.name + ": Build complete" )
                    # Print the build time
                    for line in self.handle.before.splitlines():
                        if "Total time:" in line:
                            main.log.info( line )
                    self.handle.sendline( "" )
                    self.handle.expect( "\$", timeout=60 )
                    return main.TRUE
                elif i == 5:
                    main.log.error(
                        self.name +
                        ": mvn clean install TIMEOUT!" )
                    # return main.FALSE
                    main.cleanup()
                    main.exit()
                else:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": unexpected response from " +
                                    "mvn clean install" )
                    # return main.FALSE
                    main.cleanup()
                    main.exit()
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def gitPull( self, comp1="", fastForward=True ):
        """
        Assumes that "git pull" works without login

        If the fastForward boolean is set to true, only git pulls that can
        be fast forwarded will be performed. IE if you have not local commits
        in your branch.

        This function will perform a git pull on the ONOS instance.
        If used as gitPull( "NODE" ) it will do git pull + NODE. This is
        for the purpose of pulling from other nodes if necessary.

        Otherwise, this function will perform a git pull in the
        ONOS repository. If it has any problems, it will return main.ERROR
        If it successfully does a gitPull, it will return a 1 ( main.TRUE )
        If it has no updates, it will return 3.

        """
        try:
            # main.log.info( self.name + ": Stopping ONOS" )
            # self.stop()
            self.handle.sendline( "cd " + self.home )
            self.handle.expect( self.home + "\$" )
            cmd = "git pull"
            if comp1 != "":
                cmd += ' ' +  comp1
            if fastForward:
                cmd += ' ' + " --ff-only"
            self.handle.sendline( cmd )
            i = self.handle.expect(
                [
                    'fatal',
                    'Username\sfor\s(.*):\s',
                    '\sfile(s*) changed,\s',
                    'Already up-to-date',
                    'Aborting',
                    'You\sare\snot\scurrently\son\sa\sbranch',
                    'You asked me to pull without telling me which branch you',
                    'Pull is not possible because you have unmerged files',
                    'Please enter a commit message to explain why this merge',
                    'Found a swap file by the name',
                    'Please, commit your changes before you can merge.',
                    pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                timeout=300 )
            # debug
            # main.log.report( self.name +": DEBUG:  \n"+
            # "git pull response: " +
            # str( self.handle.before ) + str( self.handle.after ) )
            if i == 0:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": Git pull had some issue" )
                output = self.handle.after
                self.handle.expect( '\$' )
                output += self.handle.before
                main.log.warn( output )
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 1:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git Pull Asking for username. " )
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 2:
                main.log.info(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git Pull - pulling repository now" )
                self.handle.expect( self.home + "\$", 120 )
            # So that only when git pull is done, we do mvn clean compile
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 3:
                main.log.info( self.name + ": Git Pull - Already up to date" )
                return i
            elif i == 4:
                main.log.info(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git Pull - Aborting..." +
                    "Are there conflicting git files?" )
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 5:
                main.log.info(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git Pull - You are not currently " +
                    "on a branch so git pull failed!" )
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 6:
                main.log.info(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git Pull - You have not configured an upstream " +
                    "branch to pull from. Git pull failed!" )
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 7:
                main.log.info(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git Pull - Pull is not possible because " +
                    "you have unmerged files." )
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 8:
                # NOTE: abandoning test since we can't reliably handle this
                #       there could be different default text editors and we
                #       also don't know if we actually want to make the commit
                main.log.error( "Git pull resulted in a merge commit message" +
                                ". Exiting test!" )
                main.cleanup()
                main.exit()
            elif i == 9:  # Merge commit message but swap file exists
                main.log.error( "Git pull resulted in a merge commit message" +
                                " but a swap file exists." )
                try:
                    self.handle.send( 'A' )  # Abort
                    self.handle.expect( "\$" )
                    return main.ERROR
                except Exception:
                    main.log.exception( "Couldn't exit editor prompt!")
                    main.cleanup()
                    main.exit()
            elif i == 10:  # In the middle of a merge commit
                main.log.error( "Git branch is in the middle of a merge. " )
                main.log.warn( self.handle.before + self.handle.after )
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 11:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": Git Pull - TIMEOUT" )
                main.log.error(
                    self.name + " Response was: " + str(
                        self.handle.before ) )
                return main.ERROR
            else:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git Pull - Unexpected response, check for pull errors" )
                return main.ERROR
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def gitCheckout( self, branch="master" ):
        """
        Assumes that "git pull" works without login

        This function will perform a git git checkout on the ONOS instance.
        If used as gitCheckout( "branch" ) it will do git checkout
        of the "branch".

        Otherwise, this function will perform a git checkout of the master
        branch of the ONOS repository. If it has any problems, it will return
        main.ERROR.
        If the branch was already the specified branch, or the git checkout was
        successful then the function will return main.TRUE.

        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "cd " + self.home )
            self.handle.expect( self.home + "\$" )
            main.log.info( self.name +
                           ": Checking out git branch/ref: " + branch + "..." )
            cmd = "git checkout " + branch
            self.handle.sendline( cmd )
            self.handle.expect( cmd )
            i = self.handle.expect(
                [ 'fatal',
                  'Username for (.*): ',
                  'Already on \'',
                  'Switched to branch \'' + str( branch ),
                  pexpect.TIMEOUT,
                  'error: Your local changes to the following files' +
                  'would be overwritten by checkout:',
                  'error: you need to resolve your current index first',
                  "You are in 'detached HEAD' state.",
                  "HEAD is now at " ],
                timeout=60 )
            if i == 0:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git checkout had some issue..." )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 1:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git checkout asking for username." +
                    " Please configure your local git repository to be able " +
                    "to access your remote repository passwordlessly" )
                # TODO add support for authenticating
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 2:
                main.log.info(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git Checkout %s : Already on this branch" % branch )
                self.handle.expect( self.home + "\$" )
                # main.log.info( "DEBUG: after checkout cmd = "+
                # self.handle.before )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 3:
                main.log.info(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git checkout %s - Switched to this branch" % branch )
                self.handle.expect( self.home + "\$" )
                # main.log.info( "DEBUG: after checkout cmd = "+
                # self.handle.before )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 4:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": Git Checkout- TIMEOUT" )
                main.log.error(
                    self.name + " Response was: " + str( self.handle.before ) )
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 5:
                self.handle.expect( "Aborting" )
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git checkout error: \n" +
                    "Your local changes to the following files would" +
                    " be overwritten by checkout:" +
                    str( self.handle.before ) )
                self.handle.expect( self.home + "\$" )
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 6:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git checkout error: \n" +
                    "You need to resolve your current index first:" +
                    str( self.handle.before ) )
                self.handle.expect( self.home + "\$" )
                return main.ERROR
            elif i == 7:
                main.log.info(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git checkout " + str( branch ) +
                    " - You are in 'detached HEAD' state. HEAD is now at " +
                    str( branch ) )
                self.handle.expect( self.home + "\$" )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 8:  # Already in detached HEAD on the specified commit
                main.log.info(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git Checkout %s : Already on commit" % branch )
                self.handle.expect( self.home + "\$" )
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": Git Checkout - Unexpected response, " +
                    "check for pull errors" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                return main.ERROR

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getBranchName( self ):
        main.log.info( "self.home = " )
        main.log.info( self.home )
        self.handle.sendline( "cd " + self.home )
        self.handle.expect( self.home + "\$" )
        self.handle.sendline( "git name-rev --name-only HEAD" )
        self.handle.expect( "git name-rev --name-only HEAD" )
        self.handle.expect( "\$" )

        lines =  self.handle.before.splitlines()
        if lines[1] == "master":
            return "master"
        elif lines[1] == "onos-1.0":
            return "onos-1.0"
        else:
            main.log.info( lines[1] )
            return "unexpected ONOS branch for SDN-IP test"

    def getVersion( self, report=False ):
        """
        Writes the COMMIT number to the report to be parsed
                by Jenkins data collector.
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline(
                "cd " +
                self.home +
                "; git log -1 --pretty=fuller --decorate=short | grep -A 6 " +
                " \"commit\" --color=never" )
            # NOTE: for some reason there are backspaces inserted in this
            # phrase when run from Jenkins on some tests
            self.handle.expect( "never" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            response = ( self.name + ": \n" + str(
                self.handle.before + self.handle.after ) )
            self.handle.sendline( "cd " + self.home )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            lines = response.splitlines()
            for line in lines:
                print line
            if report:
                main.log.wiki( "<blockquote>" )
                for line in lines[ 2:-1 ]:
                    # Bracket replacement is for Wiki-compliant
                    # formatting. '<' or '>' are interpreted
                    # as xml specific tags that cause errors
                    line = line.replace( "<", "[" )
                    line = line.replace( ">", "]" )
                    #main.log.wiki( "\t" + line )
                    main.log.wiki( line + "<br /> " )
                    main.log.summary( line )
                main.log.wiki( "</blockquote>" )
                main.log.summary("\n")
            return lines[ 2 ]
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def createCellFile( self, benchIp, fileName, mnIpAddrs,
                        appString, *onosIpAddrs ):
        """
        Creates a cell file based on arguments
        Required:
            * Bench IP address ( benchIp )
                - Needed to copy the cell file over
            * File name of the cell file ( fileName )
            * Mininet IP address ( mnIpAddrs )
                - Note that only 1 ip address is
                  supported currently
            * ONOS IP addresses ( onosIpAddrs )
                - Must be passed in as last arguments

        NOTE: Assumes cells are located at:
            ~/<self.home>/tools/test/cells/
        """
        # Variable initialization
        cellDirectory = self.home + "/tools/test/cells/"
        # We want to create the cell file in the dependencies directory
        # of TestON first, then copy over to ONOS bench
        tempDirectory = "/tmp/"
        # Create the cell file in the directory for writing ( w+ )
        cellFile = open( tempDirectory + fileName, 'w+' )

        # App string is hardcoded environment variables
        # That you may wish to use by default on startup.
        # Note that you  may not want certain apps listed
        # on here.
        appString = "export ONOS_APPS=" + appString
        mnString = "export OCN="
        if mnIpAddrs == "":
            mnString = ""
        onosString = "export OC"
        tempCount = 1

        # Create ONOSNIC ip address prefix
        tempOnosIp = onosIpAddrs[ 0 ]
        tempList = []
        tempList = tempOnosIp.split( "." )
        # Omit last element of list to format for NIC
        tempList = tempList[ :-1 ]
        # Structure the nic string ip
        nicAddr = ".".join( tempList ) + ".*"
        onosNicString = "export ONOS_NIC=" + nicAddr

        try:
            # Start writing to file
            cellFile.write( onosNicString + "\n" )

            for arg in onosIpAddrs:
                # For each argument in onosIpAddrs, write to file
                # Output should look like the following:
                #   export OC1="10.128.20.11"
                #   export OC2="10.128.20.12"
                cellFile.write( onosString + str( tempCount ) +
                                "=" + "\"" + arg + "\"" + "\n" )
                tempCount = tempCount + 1

            cellFile.write( mnString + "\"" + mnIpAddrs + "\"" + "\n" )
            cellFile.write( appString + "\n" )
            cellFile.close()

            # We use os.system to send the command to TestON cluster
            # to account for the case in which TestON is not located
            # on the same cluster as the ONOS bench
            # Note that even if TestON is located on the same cluster
            # as ONOS bench, you must setup passwordless ssh
            # between TestON and ONOS bench in order to automate the test.
            os.system( "scp " + tempDirectory + fileName +
                       " admin@" + benchIp + ":" + cellDirectory )

            return main.TRUE

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def setCell( self, cellname ):
        """
        Calls 'cell <name>' to set the environment variables on ONOSbench
        """
        try:
            if not cellname:
                main.log.error( "Must define cellname" )
                main.cleanup()
                main.exit()
            else:
                self.handle.sendline( "cell " + str( cellname ) )
                # Expect the cellname in the ONOSCELL variable.
                # Note that this variable name is subject to change
                #   and that this driver will have to change accordingly
                self.handle.expect(str(cellname))
                handleBefore = self.handle.before
                handleAfter = self.handle.after
                # Get the rest of the handle
                self.handle.sendline("")
                self.handle.expect("\$")
                handleMore = self.handle.before

                main.log.info( "Cell call returned: " + handleBefore +
                               handleAfter + handleMore )

                return main.TRUE

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def verifyCell( self ):
        """
        Calls 'onos-verify-cell' to check for cell installation
        """
        # TODO: Add meaningful expect value

        try:
            # Clean handle by sending empty and expecting $
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "onos-verify-cell" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            handleBefore = self.handle.before
            handleAfter = self.handle.after
            # Get the rest of the handle
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            handleMore = self.handle.before

            main.log.info( "Verify cell returned: " + handleBefore +
                           handleAfter + handleMore )

            return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.ExceptionPexpect as e:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": Pexpect exception found of type " +
                            str( type( e ) ) )
            main.log.error ( e.get_trace() )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosCfgSet( self, ONOSIp, configName, configParam ):
        """
        Uses 'onos <node-ip> cfg set' to change a parameter value of an
        application. 
        
        ex)
            onos 10.0.0.1 cfg set org.onosproject.myapp appSetting 1

        ONOSIp = '10.0.0.1'
        configName = 'org.onosproject.myapp'
        configParam = 'appSetting 1'

        """
        try:
            cfgStr = ( "onos "+str(ONOSIp)+" cfg set "+
                       str(configName) + " " +
                       str(configParam)
                     )

            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( cfgStr )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
        
            # TODO: Add meaningful assertion
            
            return main.TRUE

        except pexpect.ExceptionPexpect as e:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": Pexpect exception found of type " +
                            str( type( e ) ) )
            main.log.error ( e.get_trace() )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosCli( self, ONOSIp, cmdstr ):
        """
        Uses 'onos' command to send various ONOS CLI arguments.
        Required:
            * ONOSIp: specify the ip of the cell machine
            * cmdstr: specify the command string to send

        This function is intended to expose the entire karaf
        CLI commands for ONOS. Try to use this function first
        before attempting to write a ONOS CLI specific driver
        function.
        You can see a list of available 'cmdstr' arguments
        by starting onos, and typing in 'onos' to enter the
        onos> CLI. Then, type 'help' to see the list of
        available commands.
        """
        try:
            if not ONOSIp:
                main.log.error( "You must specify the IP address" )
                return main.FALSE
            if not cmdstr:
                main.log.error( "You must specify the command string" )
                return main.FALSE

            cmdstr = str( cmdstr )
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )

            self.handle.sendline( "onos -w " + ONOSIp + " " + cmdstr )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )

            handleBefore = self.handle.before
            print "handle_before = ", self.handle.before
            # handleAfter = str( self.handle.after )

            # self.handle.sendline( "" )
            # self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            # handleMore = str( self.handle.before )

            main.log.info( "Command sent successfully" )

            # Obtain return handle that consists of result from
            # the onos command. The string may need to be
            # configured further.
            # returnString = handleBefore + handleAfter
            returnString = handleBefore
            print "return_string = ", returnString
            return returnString

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosInstall( self, options="-f", node="" ):
        """
        Installs ONOS bits on the designated cell machine.
        If -f option is provided, it also forces an uninstall.
        Presently, install also includes onos-push-bits and
        onos-config within.
        The node option allows you to selectively only push the jar
        files to certain onos nodes

        Returns: main.TRUE on success and main.FALSE on failure
        """
        try:
            if options:
                self.handle.sendline( "onos-install " + options + " " + node )
            else:
                self.handle.sendline( "onos-install " + node )
            self.handle.expect( "onos-install " )
            # NOTE: this timeout may need to change depending on the network
            # and size of ONOS
            i = self.handle.expect( [ "Network\sis\sunreachable",
                                      "onos\sstart/running,\sprocess",
                                      "ONOS\sis\salready\sinstalled",
                                      pexpect.TIMEOUT ], timeout=60 )

            if i == 0:
                main.log.warn( "Network is unreachable" )
                return main.FALSE
            elif i == 1:
                main.log.info(
                    "ONOS was installed on " +
                    node +
                    " and started" )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 2:
                main.log.info( "ONOS is already installed on " + node )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 3:
                main.log.info(
                    "Installation of ONOS on " +
                    node +
                    " timed out" )
                return main.FALSE

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosStart( self, nodeIp ):
        """
        Calls onos command: 'onos-service [<node-ip>] start'
        This command is a remote management of the ONOS upstart daemon
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "onos-service " + str( nodeIp ) +
                                  " start" )
            i = self.handle.expect( [
                "Job\sis\salready\srunning",
                "start/running",
                "Unknown\sinstance",
                pexpect.TIMEOUT ], timeout=120 )

            if i == 0:
                main.log.info( "Service is already running" )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 1:
                main.log.info( "ONOS service started" )
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                main.log.error( "ONOS service failed to start" )
                main.cleanup()
                main.exit()
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosStop( self, nodeIp ):
        """
        Calls onos command: 'onos-service [<node-ip>] stop'
        This command is a remote management of the ONOS upstart daemon
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "onos-service " + str( nodeIp ) +
                                  " stop" )
            i = self.handle.expect( [
                "stop/waiting",
                "Could not resolve hostname",
                "Unknown\sinstance",
                pexpect.TIMEOUT ], timeout=60 )

            if i == 0:
                main.log.info( "ONOS service stopped" )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 1:
                main.log.info( "onosStop() Unknown ONOS instance specified: " +
                               str( nodeIp ) )
                return main.FALSE
            elif i == 2:
                main.log.warn( "ONOS wasn't running" )
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                main.log.error( "ONOS service failed to stop" )
                return main.FALSE

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosUninstall( self, nodeIp="" ):
        """
        Calls the command: 'onos-uninstall'
        Uninstalls ONOS from the designated cell machine, stopping
        if needed
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$", timeout=60 )
            self.handle.sendline( "onos-uninstall " + str( nodeIp ) )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )

            main.log.info( "ONOS " + nodeIp + " was uninstalled" )

            # onos-uninstall command does not return any text
            return main.TRUE

        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Timeout in onosUninstall" )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosDie( self, nodeIp ):
        """
        Issues the command 'onos-die <node-ip>'
        This command calls onos-kill and also stops the node
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            cmdStr = "onos-kill " + str( nodeIp )
            self.handle.sendline( cmdStr )
            i = self.handle.expect( [
                "Killing\sONOS",
                "ONOS\sprocess\sis\snot\srunning",
                pexpect.TIMEOUT ], timeout=20 )
            if i == 0:
                main.log.info( "ONOS instance " + str( nodeIp ) +
                               " was killed and stopped" )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 1:
                main.log.info( "ONOS process was not running" )
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosKill( self, nodeIp ):
        """
        Calls the command: 'onos-kill [<node-ip>]'
        "Remotely, and unceremoniously kills the ONOS instance running on
        the specified cell machine" - Tom V
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "onos-kill " + str( nodeIp ) )
            i = self.handle.expect( [
                "\$",
                "No\sroute\sto\shost",
                "password:",
                pexpect.TIMEOUT ], timeout=20 )

            if i == 0:
                main.log.info(
                    "ONOS instance " + str(
                        nodeIp ) + " was killed" )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 1:
                main.log.info( "No route to host" )
                return main.FALSE
            elif i == 2:
                main.log.info(
                    "Passwordless login for host: " +
                    str( nodeIp ) +
                    " not configured" )
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                main.log.info( "ONOS instance was not killed" )
                return main.FALSE

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosRemoveRaftLogs( self ):
        """
        Removes Raft / Copy cat files from ONOS to ensure
        a cleaner environment.

        Description:
            Stops all ONOS defined in the cell,
            wipes the raft / copycat log files
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "onos-remove-raft-logs" )
            # Sometimes this command hangs
            i = self.handle.expect( [ "\$", pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                    timeout=120 )
            if i == 1:
                i = self.handle.expect( [ "\$", pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                        timeout=120 )
                if i == 1:
                    return main.FALSE
            #self.handle.sendline( "" )
            #self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            return main.TRUE

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosStartNetwork( self, mntopo ):
        """
        Calls the command 'onos-start-network [ <mininet-topo> ]
        "remotely starts the specified topology on the cell's
        mininet machine against all controllers configured in the
        cell."
        * Specify mininet topology file name for mntopo
        * Topo files should be placed at:
          ~/<your-onos-directory>/tools/test/topos

        NOTE: This function will take you to the mininet prompt
        """
        try:
            if not mntopo:
                main.log.error( "You must specify a topo file to execute" )
                return main.FALSE

            mntopo = str( mntopo )
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )

            self.handle.sendline( "onos-start-network " + mntopo )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            main.log.info( "Network started, entered mininet prompt" )

            # TODO: Think about whether return is necessary or not

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def isup(self, node = "", timeout = 120):
        """
        Run's onos-wait-for-start which only returns once ONOS is at run
        level 100(ready for use)

        Returns: main.TRUE if ONOS is running and main.FALSE on timeout
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline("onos-wait-for-start " + node )
            self.handle.expect("onos-wait-for-start")
            # NOTE: this timeout is arbitrary"
            i = self.handle.expect(["\$", pexpect.TIMEOUT], timeout)
            if i == 0:
                main.log.info( self.name + ": " + node + " is up" )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 1:
                # NOTE: since this function won't return until ONOS is ready,
                #   we will kill it on timeout
                main.log.error( "ONOS has not started yet" )
                self.handle.send( "\x03" )  # Control-C
                self.handle.expect( "\$" )
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def pushTestIntentsShell(
            self,
            dpidSrc,
            dpidDst,
            numIntents,
            dirFile,
            onosIp,
            numMult="",
            appId="",
            report=True,
            options="" ):
        """
        Description:
            Use the linux prompt to push test intents to
            better parallelize the results than the CLI
        Required:
            * dpidSrc: specify source dpid
            * dpidDst: specify destination dpid
            * numIntents: specify number of intents to push
            * dirFile: specify directory and file name to save
              results
            * onosIp: specify the IP of ONOS to install on
        NOTE:
            You must invoke this command at linux shell prompt
        """
        try:
            # Create the string to sendline
            if options:
                baseCmd = "onos " + str( onosIp ) + " push-test-intents " +\
                    options + " "
            else:
                baseCmd = "onos " + str( onosIp ) + " push-test-intents "

            addDpid = baseCmd + str( dpidSrc ) + " " + str( dpidDst )
            if not numMult:
                addIntents = addDpid + " " + str( numIntents )
            elif numMult:
                addIntents = addDpid + " " + str( numIntents ) + " " +\
                    str( numMult )
                if appId:
                    addApp = addIntents + " " + str( appId )
                else:
                    addApp = addIntents

            if report:
                sendCmd = addApp + " > " + str( dirFile ) + " &"
            else:
                sendCmd = addApp + " &"
            main.log.info( "Send cmd: " + sendCmd )

            self.handle.sendline( sendCmd )

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getTopology( self, topologyOutput ):
        """
        Definition:
            Loads a json topology output
        Return:
            topology = current ONOS topology
        """
        import json
        try:
            # either onos:topology or 'topology' will work in CLI
            topology = json.loads(topologyOutput)
            print topology
            return topology
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def checkStatus(
            self,
            topologyResult,
            numoswitch,
            numolink,
            logLevel="info" ):
        """
        Checks the number of switches & links that ONOS sees against the
        supplied values. By default this will report to main.log, but the
        log level can be specific.

        Params: ip = ip used for the onos cli
                numoswitch = expected number of switches
                numolink = expected number of links
                logLevel = level to log to.
                Currently accepts 'info', 'warn' and 'report'


        logLevel can

        Returns: main.TRUE if the number of switches and links are correct,
                 main.FALSE if the number of switches and links is incorrect,
                 and main.ERROR otherwise
        """
        try:
            topology = self.getTopology( topologyResult )
            if topology == {}:
                return main.ERROR
            output = ""
            # Is the number of switches is what we expected
            devices = topology.get( 'devices', False )
            links = topology.get( 'links', False )
            if not devices or not links:
                return main.ERROR
            switchCheck = ( int( devices ) == int( numoswitch ) )
            # Is the number of links is what we expected
            linkCheck = ( int( links ) == int( numolink ) )
            if switchCheck and linkCheck:
                # We expected the correct numbers
                output = output + "The number of links and switches match "\
                    + "what was expected"
                result = main.TRUE
            else:
                output = output + \
                    "The number of links and switches does not match " + \
                    "what was expected"
                result = main.FALSE
            output = output + "\n ONOS sees %i devices" % int( devices )
            output = output + " (%i expected) " % int( numoswitch )
            output = output + "and %i links " % int( links )
            output = output + "(%i expected)" % int( numolink )
            if logLevel == "report":
                main.log.report( output )
            elif logLevel == "warn":
                main.log.warn( output )
            else:
                main.log.info( output )
            return result
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def tsharkPcap( self, interface, dirFile ):
        """
        Capture all packet activity and store in specified
        directory/file

        Required:
            * interface: interface to capture
            * dir: directory/filename to store pcap
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )

            self.handle.sendline( "tshark -i " + str( interface ) +
                                  " -t e -w " + str( dirFile ) + " &" )
            self.handle.sendline( "\r" )
            self.handle.expect( "Capturing on" )
            self.handle.sendline( "\r" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )

            main.log.info( "Tshark started capturing files on " +
                           str( interface ) + " and saving to directory: " +
                           str( dirFile ) )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def runOnosTopoCfg( self, instanceName, jsonFile ):
        """
         On ONOS bench, run this command:
         {ONOS_HOME}/tools/test/bin/onos-topo-cfg $OC1 filename
         which starts the rest and copies
         the json file to the onos instance
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "cd " + self.home + "/tools/test/bin" )
            self.handle.expect( "/bin$" )
            cmd = "./onos-topo-cfg " + instanceName + " " + jsonFile
            print "cmd = ", cmd
            self.handle.sendline( cmd )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "cd ~" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def tsharkGrep( self, grep, directory, interface='eth0', grepOptions='' ):
        """
        Required:
            * grep string
            * directory to store results
        Optional:
            * interface - default: eth0
            * grepOptions - options for grep 
        Description:
            Uses tshark command to grep specific group of packets
            and stores the results to specified directory.
            The timestamp is hardcoded to be in epoch
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            if grepOptions:
                grepStr = "grep "+str(grepOptions)
            else:
                grepStr = "grep"
            
            self.handle.sendline(
                "tshark -i " +
                str( interface ) +
                " -t e | " +
                grepStr + " --line-buffered \"" +
                str(grep) +
                "\" >" +
                directory +
                " &" )
            self.handle.sendline( "\r" )
            self.handle.expect( "Capturing on" )
            self.handle.sendline( "\r" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def tsharkStop( self ):
        """
        Removes wireshark files from /tmp and kills all tshark processes
        """
        # Remove all pcap from previous captures
        try:
            self.execute( cmd="sudo rm /tmp/wireshark*" )
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.sendline( "sudo kill -9 `ps -ef | grep \"tshark -i\"" +
                                  " | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}'`" )
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            main.log.info( "Tshark stopped" )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def ptpd( self, args ):
        """
        Initiate ptp with user-specified args.
        Required:
            * args: specify string of args after command
              'sudo ptpd'
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "sudo ptpd " + str( args ) )
            i = self.handle.expect( [
                "Multiple",
                "Error",
                "\$" ] )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )

            if i == 0:
                handle = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "ptpd returned an error: " +
                               str( handle ) )
                return handle
            elif i == 1:
                handle = self.handle.before
                main.log.error( "ptpd returned an error: " +
                                str( handle ) )
                return handle
            else:
                return main.TRUE

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def cpLogsToDir( self, logToCopy,
                     destDir, copyFileName="" ):
        """
        Copies logs to a desired directory.
        Current implementation of ONOS deletes its karaf
        logs on every iteration. For debugging purposes,
        you may want to use this function to capture
        certain karaf logs. ( or any other logs if needed )
        Localtime will be attached to the filename

        Required:
            * logToCopy: specify directory and log name to
              copy.
              ex ) /opt/onos/log/karaf.log.1
              For copying multiple files, leave copyFileName
              empty and only specify destDir -
              ex ) /opt/onos/log/karaf*
            * destDir: specify directory to copy to.
              ex ) /tmp/
        Optional:
            * copyFileName: If you want to rename the log
              file, specify copyFileName. This will not work
              with multiple file copying
        """
        try:
            localtime = time.strftime( '%x %X' )
            localtime = localtime.replace( "/", "" )
            localtime = localtime.replace( " ", "_" )
            localtime = localtime.replace( ":", "" )
            if destDir[ -1: ] != "/":
                destDir += "/"

            if copyFileName:
                self.handle.sendline( "cp " + str( logToCopy ) + " " +
                                      str( destDir ) + str( copyFileName ) +
                                      localtime )
                self.handle.expect( "cp" )
                self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            else:
                self.handle.sendline( "cp " + str( logToCopy ) +
                                      " " + str( destDir ) )
                self.handle.expect( "cp" )
                self.handle.expect( "\$" )

            return self.handle.before

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( "Copying files failed" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( "Copying files failed" )

    def checkLogs( self, onosIp, restart=False):
        """
        runs onos-check-logs on the given onos node
        If restart is True, use the old version of onos-check-logs which
            does not print the full stacktrace, but shows the entire log file,
            including across restarts
        returns the response
        """
        try:
            cmd = "onos-check-logs " + str( onosIp )
            if restart:
                cmd += " old"
            self.handle.sendline( cmd )
            self.handle.expect( cmd )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            response = self.handle.before
            return response
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( "Lost ssh connection" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def onosStatus( self, node="" ):
        """
        Calls onos command: 'onos-service [<node-ip>] status'
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "onos-service " + str( node ) +
                                  " status" )
            i = self.handle.expect( [
                "start/running",
                "stop/waiting",
                pexpect.TIMEOUT ], timeout=120 )

            if i == 0:
                main.log.info( "ONOS is running" )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 1:
                main.log.info( "ONOS is stopped" )
                main.log.error( "ONOS service failed to check the status" )
                main.cleanup()
                main.exit()
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def setIpTables( self, ip, port='', action='add', packet_type='',
                     direction='INPUT', rule='DROP', states=True ):
        """
        Description:
            add or remove iptables rule to DROP (default) packets from
            specific IP and PORT
        Usage:
        * specify action ('add' or 'remove')
          when removing, pass in the same argument as you would add. It will
          delete that specific rule.
        * specify the ip to block
        * specify the destination port to block (defaults to all ports)
        * optional packet type to block (default tcp)
        * optional iptables rule (default DROP)
        * optional direction to block (default 'INPUT')
        * States boolean toggles adding all supported tcp states to the
          firewall rule
        Returns:
            main.TRUE on success or
            main.FALSE if given invalid input or
            main.ERROR if there is an error in response from iptables
        WARNING:
        * This function uses root privilege iptables command which may result
          in unwanted network errors. USE WITH CAUTION
        """
        import time

        # NOTE*********
        #   The strict checking methods of this driver function is intentional
        #   to discourage any misuse or error of iptables, which can cause
        #   severe network errors
        # *************

        # NOTE: Sleep needed to give some time for rule to be added and
        #       registered to the instance. If you are calling this function
        #       multiple times this sleep will prevent any errors.
        #       DO NOT REMOVE
        # time.sleep( 5 )
        try:
            # input validation
            action_type = action.lower()
            rule = rule.upper()
            direction = direction.upper()
            if action_type != 'add' and action_type != 'remove':
                main.log.error( "Invalid action type. Use 'add' or "
                                "'remove' table rule" )
                if rule != 'DROP' and rule != 'ACCEPT' and rule != 'LOG':
                    # NOTE Currently only supports rules DROP, ACCEPT, and LOG
                    main.log.error( "Invalid rule. Valid rules are 'DROP' or "
                                    "'ACCEPT' or 'LOG' only." )
                    if direction != 'INPUT' and direction != 'OUTPUT':
                        # NOTE currently only supports rules INPUT and OUPTUT
                        main.log.error( "Invalid rule. Valid directions are"
                                        " 'OUTPUT' or 'INPUT'" )
                        return main.FALSE
                    return main.FALSE
                return main.FALSE
            if action_type == 'add':
                # -A is the 'append' action of iptables
                actionFlag = '-A'
            elif action_type == 'remove':
                # -D is the 'delete' rule of iptables
                actionFlag = '-D'
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            cmd = "sudo iptables " + actionFlag + " " +\
                  direction +\
                  " -s " + str( ip )
                  # " -p " + str( packet_type ) +\
            if packet_type:
                cmd += " -p " + str( packet_type )
            if port:
                cmd += " --dport " + str( port )
            if states:
                cmd += " -m state --state="
                #FIXME- Allow user to configure which states to block
                cmd += "INVALID,ESTABLISHED,NEW,RELATED,UNTRACKED"
            cmd += " -j " + str( rule )

            self.handle.sendline( cmd )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            main.log.warn( self.handle.before )

            info_string = "On " + str( self.name )
            info_string += " " + str( action_type )
            info_string += " iptable rule [ "
            info_string += " IP: " + str( ip )
            info_string += " Port: " + str( port )
            info_string += " Rule: " + str( rule )
            info_string += " Direction: " + str( direction ) + " ]"
            main.log.info( info_string )
            return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Timeout exception in "
                                "setIpTables function" )
            return main.ERROR
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def detailed_status(self, log_filename):
        """
        This method is used by STS to check the status of the controller
        Reports RUNNING, STARTING, STOPPED, FROZEN, ERROR (and reason)
        """
        import re
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "cd " + self.home )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            self.handle.sendline( "service onos status" )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            response = self.handle.before
            if re.search( "onos start/running", response ):
                # onos start/running, process 10457
                return 'RUNNING'
            # FIXME: Implement this case
            # elif re.search( pattern, response ):
            #      return 'STARTING'
            elif re.search( "onos stop/", response ):
                # onos stop/waiting
                # FIXME handle this differently?:  onos stop/pre-stop
                return 'STOPPED'
            # FIXME: Implement this case
            # elif re.search( pattern, response ):
            #      return 'FROZEN'
            else:
                main.log.warn( self.name +
                               " WARNING: status received unknown response" )
                main.log.warn( response )
                return 'ERROR', "Unknown response: %s" % response
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Timeout exception in "
                                "setIpTables function" )
            return 'ERROR', "Pexpect Timeout"
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def createLinkGraphFile( self, benchIp, ONOSIpList, deviceCount):
        '''
            Create/formats the LinkGraph.cfg file based on arguments 
                -only creates a linear topology and connects islands 
                -evenly distributes devices 
                -must be called by ONOSbench

                ONOSIpList - list of all of the node IPs to be used 
                
                deviceCount - number of switches to be assigned 
        '''
        main.log.step("Creating link graph configuration file." )
        linkGraphPath = self.home + "/tools/package/etc/linkGraph.cfg"
        tempFile = "/tmp/linkGraph.cfg"        

        linkGraph = open(tempFile, 'w+')
        linkGraph.write("# NullLinkProvider topology description (config file).\n")
        linkGraph.write("# The NodeId is only added if the destination is another node's device.\n")
        linkGraph.write("# Bugs: Comments cannot be appended to a line to be read.\n")
        
        clusterCount = len(ONOSIpList)
        
        if type(deviceCount) is int or type(deviceCount) is str: 
            deviceCount = int(deviceCount)
            switchList = [0]*(clusterCount+1)
            baselineSwitchCount = deviceCount/clusterCount
        
            for node in range(1, clusterCount + 1):
                switchList[node] = baselineSwitchCount

            for node in range(1, (deviceCount%clusterCount)+1):
                switchList[node] += 1
        
        if type(deviceCount) is list:
            main.log.info("Using provided device distribution")
            switchList = [0]
            for i in deviceCount:
                switchList.append(int(i))

        tempList = ['0']
        tempList.extend(ONOSIpList)
        ONOSIpList = tempList

        myPort = 6
        lastSwitch = 0
        for node in range(1, clusterCount+1):
            if switchList[node] == 0:
                continue

            linkGraph.write("graph " + ONOSIpList[node] + " {\n")
            
            if node > 1:
                #connect to last device on previous node
                line = ("\t0:5 -> " + str(lastSwitch) + ":6:" + lastIp + "\n")     #ONOSIpList[node-1]  
                linkGraph.write(line)            
               
            lastSwitch = 0 
            for switch in range (0, switchList[node]-1):    
                line = ""
                line = ("\t" + str(switch) + ":" + str(myPort))
                line += " -- "
                line += (str(switch+1) + ":" + str(myPort-1) + "\n")
                linkGraph.write(line)
                lastSwitch = switch+1 
            lastIp = ONOSIpList[node]
                
            #lastSwitch += 1
            if node < (clusterCount): 
                #connect to first device on the next node
                line = ("\t" + str(lastSwitch) + ":6 -> 0:5:" + ONOSIpList[node+1] + "\n")             
                linkGraph.write(line)
                
            linkGraph.write("}\n")
        linkGraph.close()

        #SCP
        os.system( "scp " + tempFile + " admin@" + benchIp + ":" + linkGraphPath)        
        main.log.info("linkGraph.cfg creation complete")

    def configNullDev( self, ONOSIpList, deviceCount, numPorts=10):
        
        '''
            ONOSIpList = list of Ip addresses of nodes switches will be devided amongst 
            deviceCount = number of switches to distribute, or list of values to use as custom distribution  
            numPorts = number of ports per device. Defaults to 10 both in this function and in ONOS. Optional arg
        '''

        main.log.step("Configuring Null Device Provider" )
        clusterCount = len(ONOSIpList)

        try: 
            
            if type(deviceCount) is int or type(deviceCount) is str:
                main.log.step("Creating device distribution")
                deviceCount = int(deviceCount)
                switchList = [0]*(clusterCount+1)
                baselineSwitchCount = deviceCount/clusterCount

                for node in range(1, clusterCount + 1):
                    switchList[node] = baselineSwitchCount

                for node in range(1, (deviceCount%clusterCount)+1):
                    switchList[node] += 1
                
            if type(deviceCount) is list: 
                main.log.info("Using provided device distribution") 
                
                if len(deviceCount) == clusterCount: 
                    switchList = ['0']
                    switchList.extend(deviceCount)
                
                if len(deviceCount) == (clusterCount + 1): 
                    if deviceCount[0] == '0' or deviceCount[0] == 0: 
                        switchList = deviceCount

                assert len(switchList) == (clusterCount + 1)
        
        except AssertionError:
            main.log.error( "Bad device/Ip list match") 
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()


        ONOSIp = [0]
        ONOSIp.extend(ONOSIpList)
 
        devicesString  = "devConfigs = "
        for node in range(1, len(ONOSIp)):
            devicesString += (ONOSIp[node] + ":" + str(switchList[node] ))
            if node < clusterCount:
                devicesString += (",")
        
        try: 
            self.handle.sendline("onos $OC1 cfg set org.onosproject.provider.nil.device.impl.NullDeviceProvider devConfigs " + devicesString )
            self.handle.expect(":~")
            self.handle.sendline("onos $OC1 cfg set org.onosproject.provider.nil.device.impl.NullDeviceProvider numPorts " + str(numPorts) )
            self.handle.expect(":~")

            for i in range(10):
                self.handle.sendline("onos $OC1 cfg get org.onosproject.provider.nil.device.impl.NullDeviceProvider")
                self.handle.expect(":~")
                verification = self.handle.before
                if (" value=" + str(numPorts)) in verification and (" value=" + devicesString) in verification:
                    break
                else:
                    time.sleep(1)

            assert ("value=" + str(numPorts)) in verification and (" value=" + devicesString) in verification
        
        except AssertionError:
            main.log.error("Incorrect Config settings: " + verification)
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def configNullLink( self,fileName="/opt/onos/apache-karaf-3.0.3/etc/linkGraph.cfg", eventRate=0): 
        '''
                fileName default is currently the same as the default on ONOS, specify alternate file if 
                you want to use a different topology file than linkGraph.cfg
        '''

        
        try: 
            self.handle.sendline("onos $OC1 cfg set org.onosproject.provider.nil.link.impl.NullLinkProvider eventRate " + str(eventRate)) 
            self.handle.expect(":~")            
            self.handle.sendline("onos $OC1 cfg set org.onosproject.provider.nil.link.impl.NullLinkProvider cfgFile " + fileName )
            self.handle.expect(":~")
               
            for i in range(10): 
                self.handle.sendline("onos $OC1 cfg get org.onosproject.provider.nil.link.impl.NullLinkProvider") 
                self.handle.expect(":~")
                verification = self.handle.before
                if (" value=" + str(eventRate)) in verification and (" value=" + fileName) in verification: 
                    break
                else: 
                    time.sleep(1)
            
            assert ("value=" + str(eventRate)) in verification and (" value=" + fileName) in verification
            
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except AssertionError:
            main.log.info("Settings did not post to ONOS")
            main.log.error(varification)            
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.log.error(varification)
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getOnosIps(self):

        import os
        
        # reads env for OC variables, also saves file with OC variables. If file and env conflict 
        # priority goes to env. If file has OCs that are not in the env, the file OCs are used. 
        # In other words, if the env is set, the test will use those values. 

        # returns a list of ip addresses for the onos nodes, will work with up to 7 nodes + OCN and OCI
        # returns in format [ OC1 ip, OC2 ...ect. , OCN, OCI ]

        envONOSIps = {}

        x = 1
        while True:
            try:
                temp = os.environ[ 'OC' + str(x) ]
            except KeyError: 
                break
            envONOSIps[ ("OC" + str(x)) ] = temp 
            x += 1 

        try: 
            temp = os.environ[ 'OCN' ] 
            envONOSIps[ "OCN" ] = temp
        except KeyError: 
            main.log.info("OCN not set in env")

        try:
            temp = os.environ[ 'OCI' ]
            envONOSIps[ "OCI" ] = temp
        except:
            main.log.error("OCI not set in env")

        print(str(envONOSIps))

        order = [ "OC1", "OC2", "OC3","OC4","OC5","OC6","OC7","OCN","OCI" ]
        ONOSIps = []

        try: 
            if os.path.exists("myIps"):
                ipFile = open("myIps","r+")
            else: 
                ipFile = open("myIps","w+")

            fileONOSIps = ipFile.readlines()
            ipFile.close()

            print str(fileONOSIps)
            
            if str(fileONOSIps) == "[]": 
                ipFile = open("myIps","w+")
                for key in envONOSIps:
                    ipFile.write(key+ "=" + envONOSIps[key] + "\n")
                ipFile.close()
                for i in order: 
                    if i in envONOSIps: 
                        ONOSIps.append(envONOSIps[i])
                
                return ONOSIps 

            else: 
                fileDict = {}
                for line in fileONOSIps: 
                    line = line.replace("\n","")
                    line = line.split("=") 
                    key = line[0]
                    value = line[1]
                    fileDict[key] = value 

                for x in envONOSIps: 
                    if x in fileDict: 
                        if envONOSIps[x] == fileDict[x]: 
                            continue
                        else: 
                            fileDict[x] = envONOSIps[x]
                    else: 
                        fileDict[x] = envONOSIps[x]

                ipFile = open("myIps","w+")
                for key in order: 
                    if key in fileDict: 
                        ipFile.write(key + "=" + fileDict[key] + "\n")
                        ONOSIps.append(fileDict[key]) 
                ipFile.close()

                return ONOSIps 

        except IOError as a:
            main.log.error(a) 

        except Exception as a:
            main.log.error(a) 


    def logReport(self, nodeIp, searchTerms, outputMode="s"):
        '''
            - accepts either a list or a string for "searchTerms" these
              terms will be searched for in the log and have their 
              instances counted 

            - nodeIp is the ip of the node whos log is to be scanned 

            - output modes: 
                "s" -   Simple. Quiet output mode that just prints 
                        the occurences of each search term 

                "d" -   Detailed. Prints number of occurences as well as the entire
                        line for each of the last 5 occurences 

            - returns total of the number of instances of all search terms
        '''
        main.log.info("========================== Log Report ===========================\n")

        if type(searchTerms) is str: 
            searchTerms = [searchTerms]

        logLines = [ [" "] for i in range(len(searchTerms)) ]

        for term in range(len(searchTerms)): 
            logLines[term][0] = searchTerms[term]

        totalHits = 0 
        for term in range(len(searchTerms)): 
            cmd = "onos-ssh " + nodeIp + " cat /opt/onos/log/karaf.log | grep " + searchTerms[term] 
            self.handle.sendline(cmd)
            self.handle.expect(":~")
            before = (self.handle.before).splitlines()

            count = [searchTerms[term],0]

            for line in before:
                if searchTerms[term] in line and "grep" not in line:
                    count[1] += 1 
                    if before.index(line) > ( len(before) - 7 ):
                        logLines[term].append(line)

            main.log.info( str(count[0]) + ": " + str(count[1]) )
            if term == len(searchTerms)-1: 
                print("\n")
            totalHits += int(count[1]) 

        if outputMode != "s" and outputMode != "S":        
            outputString = ""
            for i in logLines:
                outputString = i[0] + ": \n" 
                for x in range(1,len(i)): 
                    outputString += ( i[x] + "\n" )    
                
                if outputString != (i[0] + ": \n"):
                    main.log.info(outputString) 
                
        main.log.info("================================================================\n")
        return totalHits 

    def getOnosIpFromEnv(self):

        import string  

        # returns a list of ip addresses for the onos nodes, will work with up to 7 nodes + OCN and OCI
        # returns in format [ 'x', OC1 ip, OC2 i... ect. ... , ONN ip ]

        self.handle.sendline("env| grep OC") 
        self.handle.expect(":~")
        rawOutput = self.handle.before
        print rawOutput
        print "-----------------------------"
        print repr(rawOutput)
        mpa = dict.fromkeys(range(32))
        translated = rawOutput.translate(mpa)
        print translated


        # create list with only the lines that have the needed IPs 
        unparsedIps = []

        # remove preceeding or trailing lines
        for line in rawOutput: 
            if "OC" in line and "=" in line: 
                unparsedIps.append(str(line)) 

        # determine cluster size
        clusterCount = 0
        for line in unparsedIps:
            line = str(line)
            print line
            temp = line.replace("OC","")
            print("line index " + str(line.index("="))) 
            OCindex = temp[0]
            for i in range(0, 7):
                if OCindex == str(i) and i > clusterCount:
                    clusterCount == i
                    print(clusterCount)
        # create list to hold ips such that OC1 is at list[1] and OCN and OCI are at the end (in that order)
        ONOSIps = ["x"] * (clusterCount + 3) 

        # populate list 
        for line in unparsedIps:
            main.log.info(line)########## 
            temp = str(line.replace("OC",""))
            main.log.info(str(list(temp)))
            OCindex = temp[0]
            main.log.info(OCindex)############
            if OCindex == "N":
                ONOSIps[ clusterCount + 1 ] = temp.replace("N=","")
    
            if OCindex == "I":
                ONOSIps[ clusterCount + 2 ] = temp.replace("I=","")

            else:
                ONOSIps[ int(OCindex) ] = temp.replace((OCindex + "=") ,"")

        # validate 
        for x in ONOSIps: 
            if ONOSIps.index(x) != 0 and x == "x": 
                main.log.error("ENV READ FAILURE, MISSING DATA: \n\n" + str(ONOSIps) + "\n\n") 

        return ONOSIps


    def onosErrorLog(self, nodeIp): 

        cmd = "onos-ssh " + nodeIp + " cat /opt/onos/log/karaf.log | grep WARN"
        self.handle.sendline(cmd) 
        self.handle.expect(":~")
        before = (self.handle.before).splitlines() 

        warnings = []

        for line in before: 
            if "WARN" in line and "grep" not in line: 
                warnings.append(line) 
                main.warnings[main.warnings[0]+1] = line
                main.warnings[0] += 1
                if main.warnings[0] >= 10: 
                    main.warnings[0] = 0 

        cmd = "onos-ssh " + nodeIp + " cat /opt/onos/log/karaf.log | grep ERROR"
        self.handle.sendline(cmd)
        self.handle.expect(":~")
        before = (self.handle.before).splitlines()

        errors = []

        for line in before:
            if "ERROR" in line and "grep" not in line:
                errors.append(line)
                main.errors[main.errors[0]+1] = line
                main.errors[0] += 1
                if main.errors[0] >= 10:
                    main.errors[0] = 0

        cmd = "onos-ssh " + nodeIp + " cat /opt/onos/log/karaf.log | grep Exept"
        self.handle.sendline(cmd)
        self.handle.expect(":~")
        before = (self.handle.before).splitlines()

        exceptions = []

        for line in before:
            if "Except" in line and "grep" not in line:
                exceptions.append(line)
                main.exceptions[main.errors[0]+1] = line
                main.exceptions[0] += 1
                if main.exceptions[0] >= 10:
                    main.exceptions[0] = 0



        ################################################################

        msg1 = "WARNINGS: \n"
        for i in main.warnings: 
            if type(i) is not int: 
                msg1 += ( i + "\n")

        msg2 = "ERRORS: \n"
        for i in main.errors:
            if type(i) is not int:
                msg2 += ( i + "\n")

        msg3 = "EXCEPTIONS: \n"
        for i in main.exceptions: 
            if type(i) is not int:
                msg3 += ( i + "\n")

        main.log.info("===============================================================\n") 
        main.log.info( "Warnings: " + str(len(warnings))) 
        main.log.info( "Errors: " + str(len(errors))) 
        main.log.info( "Exceptions: " + str(len(exceptions)))
        if len(warnings) > 0:
            main.log.info(msg1)
        if len(errors) > 0: 
            main.log.info(msg2)
        if len(exceptions) > 0: 
            main.log.info(msg3)
        main.log.info("===============================================================\n")