TestON/drivers/common/cli/emulator/mininetclidriver.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
Created on 26-Oct-2012
Copyright 2012 Open Networking Foundation (ONF)

Please refer questions to either the onos test mailing list at <onos-test@onosproject.org>,
the System Testing Plans and Results wiki page at <https://wiki.onosproject.org/x/voMg>,
or the System Testing Guide page at <https://wiki.onosproject.org/x/WYQg>

TestON is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
( at your option ) any later version.

TestON is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with TestON.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

MininetCliDriver is the basic driver which will handle the Mininet functions

Some functions rely on a modified version of Mininet. These functions
should all be noted in the comments. To get this MN version run these commands
from within your Mininet folder:
    git remote add jhall11 https://github.com/jhall11/mininet.git
    git fetch jhall11
    git checkout -b dynamic_topo remotes/jhall11/dynamic_topo
    git pull


    Note that you may need to run 'sudo make develop' if your mnexec.c file
changed when switching branches."""
import pexpect
import re
import sys
import types
import os
import time
from math import pow
from drivers.common.cli.emulatordriver import Emulator
from core.graph import Graph


class MininetCliDriver( Emulator ):

    """
       MininetCliDriver is the basic driver which will handle
       the Mininet functions"""
    def __init__( self ):
        super( MininetCliDriver, self ).__init__()
        self.handle = self
        self.name = None
        self.home = None
        self.wrapped = sys.modules[ __name__ ]
        self.flag = 0
        # TODO: Refactor driver to use these everywhere
        self.mnPrompt = "mininet>"
        self.hostPrompt = "~#"
        self.bashPrompt = "\$"
        self.scapyPrompt = ">>>"
        self.graph = Graph()

    def connect( self, **connectargs ):
        """
           Here the main is the TestON instance after creating
           all the log handles."""
        try:
            for key in connectargs:
                vars( self )[ key ] = connectargs[ key ]
            self.home = "~/mininet"
            self.name = self.options[ 'name' ]
            for key in self.options:
                if key == "home":
                    self.home = self.options[ 'home' ]
                    break
            if self.home is None or self.home == "":
                self.home = "~/mininet"

            try:
                if os.getenv( str( self.ip_address ) ) is not None:
                    self.ip_address = os.getenv( str( self.ip_address ) )
                else:
                    main.log.info( self.name +
                                   ": Trying to connect to " +
                                   self.ip_address )

            except KeyError:
                main.log.info( "Invalid host name," +
                               " connecting to local host instead" )
                self.ip_address = 'localhost'
            except Exception as inst:
                main.log.error( "Uncaught exception: " + str( inst ) )

            self.handle = super(
                MininetCliDriver,
                self ).connect(
                user_name=self.user_name,
                ip_address=self.ip_address,
                port=None,
                pwd=self.pwd )

            if self.handle:
                main.log.info( "Connection successful to the host " +
                               self.user_name +
                               "@" +
                               self.ip_address )
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                main.log.error( "Connection failed to the host " +
                                self.user_name +
                                "@" +
                                self.ip_address )
                main.log.error( "Failed to connect to the Mininet CLI" )
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def startNet( self, topoFile='', args='', mnCmd='', timeout=120 ):
        """
        Description:
            Starts Mininet accepts a topology(.py) file and/or an optional
            argument, to start the mininet, as a parameter.
            Can also send regular mininet command to load up desired topology.
            Eg. Pass in a string 'mn --topo=tree,3,3' to mnCmd
        Options:
            topoFile = file path for topology file (.py)
            args = extra option added when starting the topology from the file
            mnCmd = Mininet command use to start topology
        Returns:
                main.TRUE if the mininet starts successfully, main.FALSE
                otherwise
        """
        try:
            if self.handle:
                # make sure old networks are cleaned up
                main.log.info( self.name +
                               ": Clearing any residual state or processes" )
                self.handle.sendline( "sudo mn -c" )
                i = self.handle.expect( [ 'password\sfor\s',
                                          'Cleanup\scomplete',
                                          pexpect.EOF,
                                          pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                        timeout )
                if i == 0:
                    # Sudo asking for password
                    main.log.info( self.name + ": Sending sudo password" )
                    self.handle.sendline( self.pwd )
                    i = self.handle.expect( [ '%s:' % self.user_name,
                                              self.prompt,
                                              pexpect.EOF,
                                              pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                            timeout )
                if i == 1:
                    main.log.info( self.name + ": Clean" )
                elif i == 2:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": Connection terminated" )
                elif i == 3:  # timeout
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": Something while cleaning " +
                                    "Mininet took too long... " )
                # Craft the string to start mininet
                cmdString = "sudo "
                if not mnCmd:
                    if topoFile is None or topoFile == '':  # If no file is given
                        main.log.info( self.name + ": building fresh Mininet" )
                        cmdString += "mn "
                        if args is None or args == '':
                            # If no args given, use args from .topo file
                            args = self.options[ 'arg1' ] +\
                                    " " + self.options[ 'arg2' ] +\
                                    " --mac --controller " +\
                                    self.options[ 'controller' ] + " " +\
                                    self.options[ 'arg3' ]
                        else:  # else only use given args
                            pass
                            # TODO: allow use of topo args and method args?
                    else:  # Use given topology file
                        main.log.info(
                            "Starting Mininet from topo file " +
                            topoFile )
                        cmdString += "-E python " + topoFile + " "
                        if args is None:
                            args = ''
                            # TODO: allow use of args from .topo file?
                    cmdString += args
                else:
                    main.log.info( "Starting Mininet topology using '" + mnCmd +
                                   "' command" )
                    cmdString += mnCmd
                # Send the command and check if network started
                self.handle.sendline( "" )
                self.handle.expect( self.prompt )
                main.log.info( "Sending '" + cmdString + "' to " + self.name )
                self.handle.sendline( cmdString )
                startTime = time.time()
                while True:
                    i = self.handle.expect( [ 'mininet>',
                                              'Exception',
                                              '\*\*\*',
                                              pexpect.EOF,
                                              pexpect.TIMEOUT,
                                              "No such file or directory"],
                                            timeout )
                    if i == 0:
                        main.log.info( self.name + ": Mininet built\nTime Took : " + str( time.time() - startTime ) )
                        return main.TRUE
                    elif i == 1:
                        response = str( self.handle.before +
                                        self.handle.after )
                        self.handle.expect( self.prompt )
                        response += str( self.handle.before +
                                         self.handle.after )
                        main.log.error(
                            self.name +
                            ": Launching Mininet failed: " + response )
                        return main.FALSE
                    elif i == 2:
                        self.handle.expect( [ "\n",
                                              pexpect.EOF,
                                              pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                            timeout )
                        main.log.info( self.handle.before )
                    elif i == 3:
                        main.log.error( self.name + ": Connection timeout" )
                        return main.FALSE
                    elif i == 4:  # timeout
                        main.log.error(
                            self.name +
                            ": Something took too long... " )
                        return main.FALSE
                    elif i == 5:
                        main.log.error( self.name + ": " + self.handle.before + self.handle.after )
                        return main.FALSE
                # Why did we hit this part?
                main.log.error( "startNet did not return correctly" )
                return main.FASLE
            else:  # if no handle
                main.log.error( self.name + ": Connection failed to the host " +
                                self.user_name + "@" + self.ip_address )
                main.log.error( self.name + ": Failed to connect to the Mininet" )
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found while starting Mininet" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def numSwitchesNlinks( self, topoType, depth, fanout ):
        try:
            if topoType == 'tree':
                # In tree topology, if fanout arg is not given, by default it is 2
                if fanout is None:
                    fanout = 2
                k = 0
                count = 0
                while( k <= depth - 1 ):
                    count = count + pow( fanout, k )
                    k = k + 1
                    numSwitches = count
                while( k <= depth - 2 ):
                    # depth-2 gives you only core links and not considering
                    # edge links as seen by ONOS. If all the links including
                    # edge links are required, do depth-1
                    count = count + pow( fanout, k )
                    k = k + 1
                numLinks = count * fanout
                # print "num_switches for %s(%d,%d) = %d and links=%d" %(
                # topoType,depth,fanout,numSwitches,numLinks )

            elif topoType == 'linear':
                # In linear topology, if fanout or numHostsPerSw is not given,
                # by default it is 1
                if fanout is None:
                    fanout = 1
                numSwitches = depth
                numHostsPerSw = fanout
                totalNumHosts = numSwitches * numHostsPerSw
                numLinks = totalNumHosts + ( numSwitches - 1 )
                main.log.debug( "num_switches for %s(%d,%d) = %d and links=%d" %
                                ( topoType, depth, fanout, numSwitches, numLinks ) )
            topoDict = { "num_switches": int( numSwitches ),
                         "num_corelinks": int( numLinks ) }
            return topoDict
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def calculateSwAndLinks( self ):
        """
            Calculate the number of switches and links in a topo."""
        # TODO: combine this function and numSwitchesNlinks
        try:
            argList = self.options[ 'arg1' ].split( "," )
            topoArgList = argList[ 0 ].split( " " )
            argList = map( int, argList[ 1: ] )
            topoArgList = topoArgList[ 1: ] + argList

            topoDict = self.numSwitchesNlinks( *topoArgList )
            return topoDict
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def pingall( self, protocol="IPv4", timeout=300, shortCircuit=False, acceptableFailed=0 ):
        """
           Verifies the reachability of the hosts using pingall command.
           Optional parameter timeout allows you to specify how long to
           wait for pingall to complete
           Optional:
           timeout( seconds ) - How long to wait before breaking the pingall
           shortCircuit - Break the pingall based on the number of failed hosts
                          ping
           acceptableFailed - Set the number of acceptable failed pings for the
                              function to still return main.TRUE
           Returns:
           main.TRUE if pingall completes with no pings dropped
           otherwise main.FALSE
        """
        import time
        try:
            timeout = int( timeout )
            if self.handle:
                main.log.info(
                    self.name +
                    ": Checking reachabilty to the hosts using pingall" )
                response = ""
                failedPings = 0
                returnValue = main.TRUE
                cmd = "pingall"
                if protocol == "IPv6":
                    cmd = "py net.pingAll6()"
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                startTime = time.time()
                while True:
                    i = self.handle.expect( [ "mininet>", "X",
                                              pexpect.EOF,
                                              pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                            timeout )
                    if i == 0:
                        main.log.info( self.name + ": pingall finished" )
                        response += self.handle.before
                        break
                    elif i == 1:
                        response += self.handle.before + self.handle.after
                        failedPings = failedPings + 1
                        if failedPings > acceptableFailed:
                            returnValue = main.FALSE
                            if shortCircuit:
                                main.log.error( self.name +
                                                ": Aborting pingall - "
                                                + str( failedPings ) +
                                                " pings failed" )
                                break
                        if ( time.time() - startTime ) > timeout:
                            returnValue = main.FALSE
                            main.log.error( self.name +
                                            ": Aborting pingall - " +
                                            "Function took too long " )
                            break
                    elif i == 2:
                        main.log.error( self.name +
                                        ": EOF exception found" )
                        main.log.error( self.name + ":     " +
                                        self.handle.before )
                        main.cleanAndExit()
                    elif i == 3:
                        response += self.handle.before
                        main.log.error( self.name +
                                        ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
                        main.log.error( self.name +
                                        ":     " +
                                        str( response ) )
                        # NOTE: Send ctrl-c to make sure pingall is done
                        self.handle.send( "\x03" )
                        self.handle.expect( "Interrupt" )
                        self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                        break
                pattern = "Results\:"
                main.log.info( "Pingall output: " + str( response ) )
                if re.search( pattern, response ):
                    main.log.info( self.name + ": Pingall finished with "
                                   + str( failedPings ) + " failed pings" )
                    return returnValue
                else:
                    # NOTE: Send ctrl-c to make sure pingall is done
                    self.handle.send( "\x03" )
                    self.handle.expect( "Interrupt" )
                    self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                    return main.FALSE
            else:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": Connection failed to the host" )
                main.cleanAndExit()
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            if response:
                main.log.info( "Pingall output: " + str( response ) )
            main.log.error( self.name + ": pexpect.TIMEOUT found" )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def fpingHost( self, **pingParams ):
        """
           Uses the fping package for faster pinging...
           *requires fping to be installed on machine running mininet"""
        try:
            args = utilities.parse_args( [ "SRC", "TARGET" ], **pingParams )
            command = args[ "SRC" ] + \
                " fping -i 100 -t 20 -C 1 -q " + args[ "TARGET" ]
            self.handle.sendline( command )
            self.handle.expect(
                [ args[ "TARGET" ], pexpect.EOF, pexpect.TIMEOUT ] )
            self.handle.expect( [ "mininet", pexpect.EOF, pexpect.TIMEOUT ] )
            response = self.handle.before
            if re.search( ":\s-", response ):
                main.log.info( self.name + ": Ping fail" )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( ":\s\d{1,2}\.\d\d", response ):
                main.log.info( self.name + ": Ping good!" )
                return main.TRUE
            main.log.info( self.name + ": Install fping on mininet machine... " )
            main.log.info( self.name + ": \n---\n" + response )
            return main.FALSE
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def pingallHosts( self, hostList, wait=1 ):
        """
            Ping all specified IPv4 hosts

            Acceptable hostList:
                - [ 'h1','h2','h3','h4' ]

            Returns main.TRUE if all hosts specified can reach
            each other

            Returns main.FALSE if one or more of hosts specified
            cannot reach each other"""
        wait = int( wait )
        cmd = " ping -c 1 -i 1 -W " + str( wait ) + " "

        try:
            main.log.info( "Testing reachability between specified hosts" )

            isReachable = main.TRUE
            pingResponse = "IPv4 ping across specified hosts\n"
            failedPings = 0
            for host in hostList:
                listIndex = hostList.index( host )
                # List of hosts to ping other than itself
                pingList = hostList[ :listIndex ] + \
                    hostList[ ( listIndex + 1 ): ]

                pingResponse += str( str( host ) + " -> " )

                for temp in pingList:
                    # Current host pings all other hosts specified
                    pingCmd = str( host ) + cmd + str( temp )
                    self.handle.sendline( pingCmd )
                    self.handle.expect( "mininet>", timeout=wait + 1 )
                    response = self.handle.before
                    if re.search( ',\s0\%\spacket\sloss', response ):
                        pingResponse += str( " h" + str( temp[ 1: ] ) )
                    else:
                        pingResponse += " X"
                        # One of the host to host pair is unreachable
                        isReachable = main.FALSE
                        failedPings += 1
                        main.log.warn( "Cannot ping between {} and {}".format( host, temp ) )
                pingResponse += "\n"
            main.log.info( pingResponse + "Failed pings: " + str( failedPings ) )
            return isReachable
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception" )
            response = self.handle.before
            # NOTE: Send ctrl-c to make sure command is stopped
            self.handle.send( "\x03" )
            self.handle.expect( "Interrupt" )
            response += self.handle.before + self.handle.after
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            response += self.handle.before + self.handle.after
            main.log.debug( response )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def pingIpv6Hosts( self, hostList, wait=1, acceptableFailed=0 ):
        """
        IPv6 ping all hosts in hostList.

        acceptableFailed: max number of acceptable failed pings

        Returns main.TRUE if all hosts specified can reach each other
        Returns main.FALSE if one or more of hosts specified cannot reach each other
        """
        try:
            main.log.info( "Testing reachability between specified IPv6 hosts" )
            isReachable = main.TRUE
            wait = int( wait )
            cmd = " ping6 -c 1 -i 1 -W " + str( wait ) + " "
            pingResponse = "IPv6 Pingall output:\n"
            failedPingsTotal = 0
            for host in hostList:
                listIndex = hostList.index( host )
                # List of hosts to ping other than itself
                pingList = hostList[ :listIndex ] + \
                    hostList[ ( listIndex + 1 ): ]

                pingResponse += str( str( host ) + " -> " )

                for temp in pingList:
                    # Current host pings all other hosts specified
                    failedPings = 0
                    pingCmd = str( host ) + cmd + str( self.getIPAddress( temp, proto='IPv6' ) )
                    while failedPings <= acceptableFailed:
                        main.log.debug( "Pinging from " + str( host ) + " to " + str( temp ) )
                        self.handle.sendline( pingCmd )
                        self.handle.expect( "mininet>", timeout=wait + 1 )
                        response = self.handle.before
                        if re.search( ',\s0\%\spacket\sloss', response ):
                            pingResponse += " " + str( temp )
                            break
                        else:
                            failedPings += 1
                            time.sleep(1)
                    if failedPings > acceptableFailed:
                        # One of the host to host pair is unreachable
                        pingResponse += " X"
                        isReachable = main.FALSE
                        failedPingsTotal += 1
                        main.log.warn( "Cannot ping between {} and {}".format( host, temp ) )
                pingResponse += "\n"
            main.log.info( pingResponse + "Failed pings: " + str( failedPingsTotal ) )
            return isReachable

        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception" )
            response = self.handle.before
            # NOTE: Send ctrl-c to make sure command is stopped
            self.handle.send( "\x03" )
            self.handle.expect( "Interrupt" )
            response += self.handle.before + self.handle.after
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            response += self.handle.before + self.handle.after
            main.log.debug( response )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def pingallHostsUnidirectional( self, srcList, dstList, ipv6=False, wait=1, acceptableFailed=0 ):
        """
        Verify ping from each host in srcList to each host in dstList

        acceptableFailed: max number of acceptable failed pings

        Returns main.TRUE if all src hosts can reach all dst hosts
        Returns main.FALSE if one or more of src hosts cannot reach one or more of dst hosts
        """
        try:
            main.log.info( "Verifying ping from each src host to each dst host" )
            isReachable = main.TRUE
            wait = int( wait )
            cmd = " ping" + ("6" if ipv6 else "") + " -c 1 -i 1 -W " + str( wait ) + " "
            pingResponse = "Ping output:\n"
            failedPingsTotal = 0
            for host in srcList:
                pingResponse += str( str( host ) + " -> " )
                for temp in dstList:
                    failedPings = 0
                    if ipv6:
                        pingCmd = str( host ) + cmd + str( self.getIPAddress( temp, proto='IPv6' ) )
                    else:
                        pingCmd = str( host ) + cmd + str( temp )
                    while failedPings <= acceptableFailed:
                        main.log.debug( "Pinging from " + str( host ) + " to " + str( temp ) )
                        self.handle.sendline( pingCmd )
                        self.handle.expect( "mininet>", timeout=wait + 1 )
                        response = self.handle.before
                        if re.search( ',\s0\%\spacket\sloss', response ):
                            pingResponse += " " + str( temp )
                            break
                        else:
                            failedPings += 1
                            time.sleep(1)
                    if failedPings > acceptableFailed:
                        # One of the host to host pair is unreachable
                        pingResponse += " X"
                        isReachable = main.FALSE
                        failedPingsTotal += 1
                pingResponse += "\n"
            main.log.info( pingResponse + "Failed pings: " + str( failedPingsTotal ) )
            return isReachable

        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception" )
            response = self.handle.before
            # NOTE: Send ctrl-c to make sure command is stopped
            self.handle.send( "\x03" )
            self.handle.expect( "Interrupt" )
            response += self.handle.before + self.handle.after
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            response += self.handle.before + self.handle.after
            main.log.debug( response )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def pingHost( self, **pingParams ):
        """
        Ping from one mininet host to another
        Currently the only supported Params: SRC, TARGET, and WAIT
        """
        args = utilities.parse_args( [ "SRC", "TARGET", 'WAIT' ], **pingParams )
        wait = args[ 'WAIT' ]
        wait = int( wait if wait else 1 )
        command = args[ "SRC" ] + " ping " + \
            args[ "TARGET" ] + " -c 1 -i 1 -W " + str( wait ) + " "
        try:
            main.log.info( "Sending: " + command )
            self.handle.sendline( command )
            i = self.handle.expect( [ command, pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                    timeout=wait + 1 )
            if i == 1:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": timeout when waiting for response from mininet" )
                main.log.error( "response: " + str( self.handle.before ) )
            i = self.handle.expect( [ "mininet>", pexpect.TIMEOUT ] )
            if i == 1:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": timeout when waiting for response from mininet" )
                main.log.error( "response: " + str( self.handle.before ) )
            response = self.handle.before
            if re.search( ',\s0\%\spacket\sloss', response ):
                main.log.info( self.name + ": no packets lost, host is reachable" )
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                main.log.warn(
                    self.name +
                    ": PACKET LOST, HOST IS NOT REACHABLE" )
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def ping6pair( self, **pingParams ):
        """
           IPv6 Ping between a pair of mininet hosts
           Currently the only supported Params are: SRC, TARGET, and WAIT
           FLOWLABEL and -I (src interface) will be added later after running some tests.
           Example: main.Mininet1.ping6pair( src="h1", target="1000::2" )
        """
        args = utilities.parse_args( [ "SRC", "TARGET", 'WAIT' ], **pingParams )
        wait = args[ 'WAIT' ]
        wait = int( wait if wait else 1 )
        command = args[ "SRC" ] + " ping6 " + \
            args[ "TARGET" ] + " -c 1 -i 1 -W " + str( wait ) + " "
        try:
            main.log.info( "Sending: " + command )
            self.handle.sendline( command )
            i = self.handle.expect( [ command, pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                    timeout=wait + 1 )
            if i == 1:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": timeout when waiting for response from mininet" )
                main.log.error( "response: " + str( self.handle.before ) )
            i = self.handle.expect( [ "mininet>", pexpect.TIMEOUT ] )
            if i == 1:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": timeout when waiting for response from mininet" )
                main.log.error( "response: " + str( self.handle.before ) )
            response = self.handle.before
            main.log.info( self.name + ": Ping Response: " + response )
            if re.search( ',\s0\%\spacket\sloss', response ):
                main.log.info( self.name + ": no packets lost, host is reachable" )
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                main.log.info(
                    self.name +
                    ": PACKET LOST, HOST IS NOT REACHABLE" )
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def pingHostSetAlternative( self, dstIPList, wait=1, IPv6=False ):
        """
        Description:
            Ping a set of destination host from host CLI.
            Logging into a Mininet host CLI is required before calling this funtion.
        Params:
            dstIPList is a list of destination ip addresses
        Returns:
            main.TRUE if the destination host is reachable
            main.FALSE otherwise
        """
        isReachable = main.TRUE
        wait = int( wait )
        cmd = "ping"
        if IPv6:
            cmd = cmd + "6"
        cmd = cmd + " -c 1 -i 1 -W " + str( wait )
        try:
            for dstIP in dstIPList:
                pingCmd = cmd + " " + dstIP
                self.handle.sendline( pingCmd )
                i = self.handle.expect( [ self.hostPrompt,
                                          '\*\*\* Unknown command: ' + pingCmd,
                                          pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                        timeout=wait + 1 )
                if i == 0:
                    response = self.handle.before
                    if not re.search( ',\s0\%\spacket\sloss', response ):
                        main.log.debug( "Ping failed between %s and %s" % ( self.name, dstIP ) )
                        isReachable = main.FALSE
                elif i == 1:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": function should be called from host CLI instead of Mininet CLI" )
                    main.cleanAndExit()
                elif i == 2:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": timeout when waiting for response" )
                    isReachable = main.FALSE
                else:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": unknown response: " + self.handle.before )
                    isReachable = main.FALSE
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception" )
            response = self.handle.before
            # NOTE: Send ctrl-c to make sure command is stopped
            self.handle.send( "\x03" )
            self.handle.expect( "Interrupt" )
            response += self.handle.before + self.handle.after
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            response += self.handle.before + self.handle.after
            main.log.debug( response )
            isReachable = main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        return isReachable

    def checkIP( self, host ):
        """
           Verifies the host's ip configured or not."""
        try:
            if self.handle:
                try:
                    response = self.execute(
                        cmd=host +
                        " ifconfig",
                        prompt="mininet>",
                        timeout=10 )
                except pexpect.EOF:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                    main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                    main.cleanAndExit()

                pattern = "inet\s(addr|Mask):([0-1]{1}[0-9]{1,2}|" +\
                    "2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5]|[0-9]{1,2}).([0-1]{1}" +\
                    "[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5]|[0-9]{1,2})." +\
                    "([0-1]{1}[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5]|" +\
                    "[0-9]{1,2}).([0-1]{1}[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4]" +\
                    "[0-9]|25[0-5]|[0-9]{1,2})"
                # pattern = "inet addr:10.0.0.6"
                if re.search( pattern, response ):
                    main.log.info( self.name + ": Host Ip configured properly" )
                    return main.TRUE
                else:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": Host IP not found" )
                    return main.FALSE
            else:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": Connection failed to the host" )
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def verifySSH( self, **connectargs ):
        # FIXME: Who uses this and what is the purpose? seems very specific
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd="h1 /usr/sbin/sshd -D&",
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
            response = self.execute(
                cmd="h4 /usr/sbin/sshd -D&",
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
            for key in connectargs:
                vars( self )[ key ] = connectargs[ key ]
            response = self.execute(
                cmd="xterm h1 h4 ",
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        import time
        time.sleep( 20 )
        if self.flag == 0:
            self.flag = 1
            return main.FALSE
        else:
            return main.TRUE

    def moveHost( self, host, oldSw, newSw ):
        """
           Moves a host from one switch to another on the fly
           Note: The intf between host and oldSw when detached
                using detach(), will still show up in the 'net'
                cmd, because switch.detach() doesn't affect switch.intfs[]
                ( which is correct behavior since the interfaces
                haven't moved ).
        """
        if self.handle:
            try:
                # Bring link between oldSw-host down
                cmd = "py net.configLinkStatus('" + oldSw + "'," + "'" + host +\
                      "'," + "'down')"
                print "cmd1= ", cmd
                response = self.execute( cmd=cmd,
                                         prompt="mininet>",
                                         timeout=10 )

                # Determine hostintf and Oldswitchintf
                cmd = "px hintf,sintf = " + host + ".connectionsTo(" + oldSw +\
                      ")[0]"
                print "cmd2= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Determine ip and mac address of the host-oldSw interface
                cmd = "px ipaddr = hintf.IP()"
                print "cmd3= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                cmd = "px macaddr = hintf.MAC()"
                print "cmd3= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Detach interface between oldSw-host
                cmd = "px " + oldSw + ".detach( sintf )"
                print "cmd4= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Add link between host-newSw
                cmd = "py net.addLink(" + host + "," + newSw + ")"
                print "cmd5= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Determine hostintf and Newswitchintf
                cmd = "px hintf,sintf = " + host + ".connectionsTo(" + newSw +\
                      ")[0]"
                print "cmd6= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Attach interface between newSw-host
                cmd = "px " + newSw + ".attach( sintf )"
                print "cmd3= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Set ipaddress of the host-newSw interface
                cmd = "px " + host + ".setIP( ip = ipaddr, intf = hintf)"
                print "cmd7 = ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Set macaddress of the host-newSw interface
                cmd = "px " + host + ".setMAC( mac = macaddr, intf = hintf)"
                print "cmd8 = ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                cmd = "net"
                print "cmd9 = ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                print "output = ", self.handle.before

                # Determine ipaddress of the host-newSw interface
                cmd = host + " ifconfig"
                print "cmd10= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                print "ifconfig o/p = ", self.handle.before

                return main.TRUE

            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                return main.FALSE
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                return main.FALSE

    def moveHostv6( self, host, oldSw, newSw ):
        """
           Moves a host from one switch to another on the fly
           Note: The intf between host and oldSw when detached
                using detach(), will still show up in the 'net'
                cmd, because switch.detach() doesn't affect switch.intfs[]
                ( which is correct behavior since the interfaces
                haven't moved ).
        """
        if self.handle:
            try:
                IP = str( self.getIPAddress( host, proto='IPV6' ) ) + "/64"
                # Bring link between oldSw-host down
                cmd = "py net.configLinkStatus('" + oldSw + "'," + "'" + host +\
                      "'," + "'down')"
                print "cmd1= ", cmd
                response = self.execute( cmd=cmd,
                                         prompt="mininet>",
                                         timeout=10 )

                # Determine hostintf and Oldswitchintf
                cmd = "px hintf,sintf = " + host + ".connectionsTo(" + oldSw +\
                      ")[0]"
                print "cmd2= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Determine ip and mac address of the host-oldSw interface
                cmd = "px ipaddr = " + str( IP )
                print "cmd3= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                cmd = "px macaddr = hintf.MAC()"
                print "cmd3= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Detach interface between oldSw-host
                cmd = "px " + oldSw + ".detach(sintf)"
                print "cmd4= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Add link between host-newSw
                cmd = "py net.addLink(" + host + "," + newSw + ")"
                print "cmd5= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Determine hostintf and Newswitchintf
                cmd = "px hintf,sintf = " + host + ".connectionsTo(" + newSw +\
                      ")[0]"
                print "cmd6= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Attach interface between newSw-host
                cmd = "px " + newSw + ".attach(sintf)"
                print "cmd6= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Set macaddress of the host-newSw interface
                cmd = "px " + host + ".setMAC(mac = macaddr, intf = hintf)"
                print "cmd7 = ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                # Set ipaddress of the host-newSw interface
                cmd = "px " + host + ".setIP(ip = ipaddr, intf = hintf)"
                print "cmd8 = ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                cmd = host + " ifconfig"
                print "cmd9 =", cmd
                response = self.execute( cmd = cmd, prompt="mininet>", timeout=10 )
                print response
                pattern = "h\d-eth([\w])"
                ipAddressSearch = re.search( pattern, response )
                print ipAddressSearch.group( 1 )
                intf = host + "-eth" + str( ipAddressSearch.group( 1 ) )
                cmd = host + " ip -6 addr add %s dev %s" % ( IP, intf )
                print "cmd10 = ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

                cmd = "net"
                print "cmd11 = ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                print "output = ", self.handle.before

                # Determine ipaddress of the host-newSw interface
                cmd = host + " ifconfig"
                print "cmd12= ", cmd
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                print "ifconfig o/p = ", self.handle.before

                return main.TRUE
            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                return main.FALSE
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                return main.FALSE

    def changeIP( self, host, intf, newIP, newNetmask ):
        """
           Changes the ip address of a host on the fly
           Ex: h2 ifconfig h2-eth0 10.0.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0"""
        if self.handle:
            try:
                cmd = host + " ifconfig " + intf + " " + \
                    newIP + " " + 'netmask' + " " + newNetmask
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "response = " + response )
                main.log.info(
                    "Ip of host " +
                    host +
                    " changed to new IP " +
                    newIP )
                return main.TRUE
            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                return main.FALSE
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()

    def changeDefaultGateway( self, host, newGW ):
        """
           Changes the default gateway of a host
           Ex: h1 route add default gw 10.0.1.2"""
        if self.handle:
            try:
                cmd = host + " route add default gw " + newGW
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "response = " + response )
                main.log.info(
                    "Default gateway of host " +
                    host +
                    " changed to " +
                    newGW )
                return main.TRUE
            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                return main.FALSE
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()

    def addStaticMACAddress( self, host, GW, macaddr ):
        """
           Changes the mac address of a gateway host"""
        if self.handle:
            try:
                # h1  arp -s 10.0.1.254 00:00:00:00:11:11
                cmd = host + " arp -s " + GW + " " + macaddr
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "response = " + response )
                main.log.info(
                    "Mac address of gateway " +
                    GW +
                    " changed to " +
                    macaddr )
                return main.TRUE
            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                return main.FALSE
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()

    def verifyStaticGWandMAC( self, host ):
        """
           Verify if the static gateway and mac address assignment"""
        if self.handle:
            try:
                # h1  arp -an
                cmd = host + " arp -an "
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( host + " arp -an = " + response )
                return main.TRUE
            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                return main.FALSE
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()

    def getMacAddress( self, host ):
        """
           Verifies the host's ip configured or not."""
        if self.handle:
            try:
                response = self.execute(
                    cmd=host +
                    " ifconfig",
                    prompt="mininet>",
                    timeout=10 )
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()

            pattern = r'HWaddr\s([0-9A-F]{2}[:-]){5}([0-9A-F]{2})'
            macAddressSearch = re.search( pattern, response, re.I )
            macAddress = macAddressSearch.group().split( " " )[ 1 ]
            main.log.info(
                self.name +
                ": Mac-Address of Host " +
                host +
                " is " +
                macAddress )
            return macAddress
        else:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": Connection failed to the host" )

    def getInterfaceMACAddress( self, host, interface ):
        """
           Return the IP address of the interface on the given host"""
        if self.handle:
            try:
                response = self.execute( cmd=host + " ifconfig " + interface,
                                         prompt="mininet>", timeout=10 )
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()

            pattern = r'HWaddr\s([0-9A-F]{2}[:-]){5}([0-9A-F]{2})'
            macAddressSearch = re.search( pattern, response, re.I )
            if macAddressSearch is None:
                main.log.info( "No mac address found in %s" % response )
                return main.FALSE
            macAddress = macAddressSearch.group().split( " " )[ 1 ]
            main.log.info(
                "Mac-Address of " +
                host +
                ":" +
                interface +
                " is " +
                macAddress )
            return macAddress
        else:
            main.log.error( "Connection failed to the host" )

    def getIPAddress( self, host , proto='IPV4' ):
        """
           Verifies the host's ip configured or not."""
        if self.handle:
            try:
                response = self.execute(
                    cmd=host +
                    " ifconfig",
                    prompt="mininet>",
                    timeout=10 )
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()

            pattern = ''
            if proto == 'IPV4':
                pattern = "inet\saddr:(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)"
            else:
                pattern = "inet6\saddr:\s([\w,:]*)/\d+\sScope:Global"
            ipAddressSearch = re.search( pattern, response )
            if not ipAddressSearch:
                return None
            main.log.info(
                self.name +
                ": IP-Address of Host " +
                host +
                " is " +
                ipAddressSearch.group( 1 ) )
            return ipAddressSearch.group( 1 )
        else:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": Connection failed to the host" )

    def getSwitchDPID( self, switch ):
        """
           return the datapath ID of the switch"""
        if self.handle:
            cmd = "py %s.dpid" % switch
            try:
                response = self.execute(
                    cmd=cmd,
                    prompt="mininet>",
                    timeout=10 )
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            pattern = r'^(?P<dpid>\w)+'
            result = re.search( pattern, response, re.MULTILINE )
            if result is None:
                main.log.info(
                    "Couldn't find DPID for switch %s, found: %s" %
                    ( switch, response ) )
                return main.FALSE
            return str( result.group( 0 ) ).lower()
        else:
            main.log.error( "Connection failed to the host" )

    def getDPID( self, switch ):
        if self.handle:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.expect( "mininet>" )
            cmd = "py %s.dpid" % switch
            try:
                response = self.execute(
                    cmd=cmd,
                    prompt="mininet>",
                    timeout=10 )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                return response
            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()

    def getInterfaces( self, node ):
        """
           return information dict about interfaces connected to the node"""
        if self.handle:
            cmd = 'py "\\n".join(["name=%s,mac=%s,ip=%s,enabled=%s"' +\
                ' % (i.name, i.MAC(), i.IP(), i.isUp())'
            cmd += ' for i in %s.intfs.values()])' % node
            try:
                response = self.execute(
                    cmd=cmd,
                    prompt="mininet>",
                    timeout=10 )
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            return response
        else:
            main.log.error( "Connection failed to the node" )

    def dump( self ):
        main.log.info( self.name + ": Dump node info" )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd='dump',
                prompt='mininet>',
                timeout=10 )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        return response

    def intfs( self ):
        main.log.info( self.name + ": List interfaces" )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd='intfs',
                prompt='mininet>',
                timeout=10 )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        return response

    def net( self ):
        main.log.info( self.name + ": List network connections" )
        try:
            response = self.execute( cmd='net', prompt='mininet>', timeout=10 )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        return response

    def links( self, timeout=1000 ):
        main.log.info( self.name + ": List network links" )
        try:
            response = self.execute( cmd='links', prompt='mininet>',
                                     timeout=timeout )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        return response

    def iperftcpAll( self, hosts, timeout=6 ):
        '''
        Runs the iperftcp function with a given set of hosts and specified timeout.

        @parm:
            timeout: The defualt timeout is 6 sec to allow enough time for a successful test to complete,
             and short enough to stop an unsuccessful test from quiting and cleaning up mininet.
        '''
        try:
            for host1 in hosts:
                for host2 in hosts:
                    if host1 != host2:
                        if self.iperftcp( host1, host2, timeout ) == main.FALSE:
                            main.log.error( self.name + ": iperftcp test failed for " + host1 + " and " + host2 )
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def iperftcp( self, host1="h1", host2="h2", timeout=6 ):
        '''
        Creates an iperf TCP test between two hosts. Returns main.TRUE if test results
        are valid.

        @parm:
            timeout: The defualt timeout is 6 sec to allow enough time for a successful test to complete,
             and short enough to stop an unsuccessful test from quiting and cleaning up mininet.
        '''
        main.log.info( self.name + ": Simple iperf TCP test between two hosts" )
        try:
            # Setup the mininet command
            cmd1 = 'iperf ' + host1 + " " + host2
            self.handle.sendline( cmd1 )
            outcome = self.handle.expect( "mininet>", timeout )
            response = self.handle.before

            # checks if there are results in the mininet response
            if "Results:" in response:
                main.log.report( self.name + ": iperf test completed" )
                # parse the mn results
                response = response.split( "\r\n" )
                response = response[ len( response )-2 ]
                response = response.split( ": " )
                response = response[ len( response )-1 ]
                response = response.replace( "[", "" )
                response = response.replace( "]", "" )
                response = response.replace( "\'", "" )

                # this is the bandwith two and from the two hosts
                bandwidth = response.split( ", " )

                # there should be two elements in the bandwidth list
                # ['host1 to host2', 'host2 to host1"]
                if len( bandwidth ) == 2:
                    main.log.report( self.name + ": iperf test successful" )
                    return main.TRUE
                else:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": invalid iperf results" )
                    return main.FALSE
            else:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": iperf test failed" )
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + " response: " +
                            repr( self.handle.before ) )
            # NOTE: Send ctrl-c to make sure iperf is done
            self.handle.send( "\x03" )
            self.handle.expect( "Interrupt" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def iperftcpipv6( self, host1="h1", host2="h2", timeout=50 ):
        main.log.info( self.name + ": Simple iperf TCP test between two hosts" )
        try:
            IP1 = self.getIPAddress( host1, proto='IPV6' )
            cmd1 = host1 + ' iperf -V -sD -B ' + str( IP1 )
            self.handle.sendline( cmd1 )
            outcome1 = self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            cmd2 = host2 + ' iperf -V -c ' + str( IP1 ) + ' -t 5'
            self.handle.sendline( cmd2 )
            outcome2 = self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            response1 = self.handle.before
            response2 = self.handle.after
            print response1, response2
            pattern = "connected with " + str( IP1 )
            if pattern in response1:
                main.log.report( self.name + ": iperf test completed" )
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": iperf test failed" )
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + " response: " + repr( self.handle.before ) )
            self.handle.send( "\x03" )
            self.handle.expect( "Interrupt" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ": " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def iperfudpAll( self, hosts, bandwidth="10M" ):
        '''
        Runs the iperfudp function with a given set of hosts and specified
        bandwidth

        @param:
            bandwidth: the targeted bandwidth, in megabits ('M')
        '''
        try:
            for host1 in hosts:
                for host2 in hosts:
                    if host1 != host2:
                        if self.iperfudp( host1, host2, bandwidth ) == main.FALSE:
                            main.log.error( self.name + ": iperfudp test failed for " + host1 + " and " + host2 )
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return main.FALSE
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def iperfudp( self, bandwidth="10M", host1="h1", host2="h2" ):
        '''
        Creates an iperf UDP test with a specific bandwidth.
        Returns true if results are valid.

        @param:
            bandwidth: the targeted bandwidth, in megabits ('M'), to run the test
        '''
        main.log.info( self.name + ": Simple iperf UDP test between two hosts" )
        try:
            # setup the mininet command
            cmd = 'iperfudp ' + bandwidth + " " + host1 + " " + host2
            self.handle.sendline( cmd )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            response = self.handle.before

            # check if there are in results in the mininet response
            if "Results:" in response:
                main.log.report( self.name + ": iperfudp test completed" )
                # parse the results
                response = response.split( "\r\n" )
                response = response[ len( response )-2 ]
                response = response.split( ": " )
                response = response[ len( response )-1 ]
                response = response.replace( "[", "" )
                response = response.replace( "]", "" )
                response = response.replace( "\'", "" )

                mnBandwidth = response.split( ", " )

                # check to see if there are at least three entries
                # ['bandwidth', 'host1 to host2', 'host2 to host1']
                if len( mnBandwidth ) == 3:
                    # if one entry is blank then something is wrong
                    for item in mnBandwidth:
                        if item == "":
                            main.log.error( self.name + ": Could not parse iperf output" )
                            main.log.error( self.name + ": invalid iperfudp results" )
                            return main.FALSE
                    # otherwise results are vaild
                    main.log.report( self.name + ": iperfudp test successful" )
                    return main.TRUE
                else:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": invalid iperfudp results" )
                    return main.FALSE

        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def nodes( self ):
        main.log.info( self.name + ": List all nodes." )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd='nodes',
                prompt='mininet>',
                timeout=10 )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        return response

    def pingpair( self ):
        main.log.info( self.name + ": Ping between first two hosts" )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd='pingpair',
                prompt='mininet>',
                timeout=20 )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

        if re.search( ',\s0\%\spacket\sloss', response ):
            main.log.info( self.name + ": Ping between two hosts SUCCESSFUL" )
            return main.TRUE
        else:
            main.log.info( self.name + ": PACKET LOST, HOSTS NOT REACHABLE" )
            return main.FALSE

    def link( self, **linkargs ):
        """
           Bring link( s ) between two nodes up or down
        """
        try:
            args = utilities.parse_args( [ "END1", "END2", "OPTION" ], **linkargs )
            end1 = args[ "END1" ] if args[ "END1" ] is not None else ""
            end2 = args[ "END2" ] if args[ "END2" ] is not None else ""
            option = args[ "OPTION" ] if args[ "OPTION" ] is not None else ""

            main.log.info( "Bring link between " + str( end1 ) + " and " + str( end2 ) + " " + str( option ) )
            cmd = "link {} {} {}".format( end1, end2, option )
            self.handle.sendline( cmd )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            response = self.handle.before
            main.log.info( response )
            if "not in network" in response:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": Could not find one of the endpoints of the link" )
                return main.FALSE
            return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Command timed out" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": connection closed." )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def switch( self, **switchargs ):
        """
           start/stop a switch
        """
        args = utilities.parse_args( [ "SW", "OPTION" ], **switchargs )
        sw = args[ "SW" ] if args[ "SW" ] is not None else ""
        option = args[ "OPTION" ] if args[ "OPTION" ] is not None else ""
        command = "switch " + str( sw ) + " " + str( option )
        main.log.info( command )
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( command )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        return main.TRUE

    def node( self, nodeName, commandStr ):
        """
        Carry out a command line on a given node
        @parm:
            nodeName: the node name in Mininet testbed
            commandStr: the command line will be carried out on the node
        Example: main.Mininet.node( nodeName="h1", commandStr="ls" )
        """
        command = str( nodeName ) + " " + str( commandStr )
        main.log.info( command )

        try:
            response = self.execute( cmd = command, prompt = "mininet>" )
            if re.search( "Unknown command", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            if re.search( "Permission denied", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        main.log.info( " response is :" )
        main.log.info( response )
        return response

    def yank( self, **yankargs ):
        """
           yank a mininet switch interface to a host"""
        main.log.info( 'Yank the switch interface attached to a host' )
        args = utilities.parse_args( [ "SW", "INTF" ], **yankargs )
        sw = args[ "SW" ] if args[ "SW" ] is not None else ""
        intf = args[ "INTF" ] if args[ "INTF" ] is not None else ""
        command = "py " + str( sw ) + '.detach("' + str( intf ) + '")'
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        return main.TRUE

    def plug( self, **plugargs ):
        """
           plug the yanked mininet switch interface to a switch"""
        main.log.info( 'Plug the switch interface attached to a switch' )
        args = utilities.parse_args( [ "SW", "INTF" ], **plugargs )
        sw = args[ "SW" ] if args[ "SW" ] is not None else ""
        intf = args[ "INTF" ] if args[ "INTF" ] is not None else ""
        command = "py " + str( sw ) + '.attach("' + str( intf ) + '")'
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        return main.TRUE

    def dpctl( self, **dpctlargs ):
        """
           Run dpctl command on all switches."""
        main.log.info( 'Run dpctl command on all switches' )
        args = utilities.parse_args( [ "CMD", "ARGS" ], **dpctlargs )
        cmd = args[ "CMD" ] if args[ "CMD" ] is not None else ""
        cmdargs = args[ "ARGS" ] if args[ "ARGS" ] is not None else ""
        command = "dpctl " + cmd + " " + str( cmdargs )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        return main.TRUE

    def getVersion( self ):
        # FIXME: What uses this? This should be refactored to get
        #       version from MN and not some other file
        try:
            fileInput = path + '/lib/Mininet/INSTALL'
            version = super( Mininet, self ).getVersion()
            pattern = 'Mininet\s\w\.\w\.\w\w*'
            for line in open( fileInput, 'r' ).readlines():
                result = re.match( pattern, line )
                if result:
                    version = result.group( 0 )
            return version
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def getSwController( self, sw ):
        """
        Parameters:
            sw: The name of an OVS switch. Example "s1"
        Return:
            The output of the command from the mininet cli
            or main.FALSE on timeout"""
        command = "sh ovs-vsctl get-controller " + str( sw )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
            if response:
                if "no bridge named" in response:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": Error in getSwController: " +
                                    self.handle.before )
                    return main.FALSE
                else:
                    return response
            else:
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def assignSwController( self, sw, ip, port="6653", ptcp="" ):
        """
        Description:
            Assign switches to the controllers ( for ovs use only )
        Required:
            sw - Name of the switch. This can be a list or a string.
            ip - Ip addresses of controllers. This can be a list or a string.
        Optional:
            port - ONOS use port 6653, if no list of ports is passed, then
                   the all the controller will use 6653 as their port number
            ptcp - ptcp number, This can be a string or a list that has
                   the same length as switch. This is optional and not required
                   when using ovs switches.
        NOTE: If switches and ptcp are given in a list type they should have the
              same length and should be in the same order, Eg. sw=[ 's1' ... n ]
              ptcp=[ '6637' ... n ], s1 has ptcp number 6637 and so on.

        Return:
            Returns main.TRUE if mininet correctly assigned switches to
            controllers, otherwise it will return main.FALSE or an appropriate
            exception(s)
        """
        assignResult = main.TRUE
        # Initial ovs command
        commandList = []
        command = "sh ovs-vsctl set-controller "
        onosIp = ""
        try:
            if isinstance( ip, types.StringType ):
                onosIp = "tcp:" + str( ip ) + ":"
                if isinstance( port, types.StringType ) or \
                   isinstance( port, types.IntType ):
                    onosIp += str( port )
                elif isinstance( port, types.ListType ):
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": Only one controller " +
                                    "assigned and a list of ports has" +
                                    " been passed" )
                    return main.FALSE
                else:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": Invalid controller port " +
                                    "number. Please specify correct " +
                                    "controller port" )
                    return main.FALSE

            elif isinstance( ip, types.ListType ):
                if isinstance( port, types.StringType ) or \
                   isinstance( port, types.IntType ):
                    for ipAddress in ip:
                        onosIp += "tcp:" + str( ipAddress ) + ":" + \
                                  str( port ) + " "
                elif isinstance( port, types.ListType ):
                    if ( len( ip ) != len( port ) ):
                        main.log.error( self.name + ": Port list = " +
                                        str( len( port ) ) +
                                        "should be the same as controller" +
                                        " ip list = " + str( len( ip ) ) )
                        return main.FALSE
                    else:
                        onosIp = ""
                        for ipAddress, portNum in zip( ip, port ):
                            onosIp += "tcp:" + str( ipAddress ) + ":" + \
                                      str( portNum ) + " "
                else:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": Invalid controller port " +
                                    "number. Please specify correct " +
                                    "controller port" )
                    return main.FALSE
            else:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": Invalid ip address" )
                return main.FALSE

            if isinstance( sw, types.StringType ):
                command += sw + " "
                if ptcp:
                    if isinstance( ptcp, types.StringType ):
                        command += "ptcp:" + str( ptcp ) + " "
                    elif isinstance( ptcp, types.ListType ):
                        main.log.error( self.name + ": Only one switch is " +
                                        "being set and multiple PTCP is " +
                                        "being passed " )
                    else:
                        main.log.error( self.name + ": Invalid PTCP" )
                        ptcp = ""
                command += onosIp
                commandList.append( command )

            elif isinstance( sw, types.ListType ):
                if ptcp:
                    if isinstance( ptcp, types.ListType ):
                        if len( ptcp ) != len( sw ):
                            main.log.error( self.name + ": PTCP length = " +
                                            str( len( ptcp ) ) +
                                            " is not the same as switch" +
                                            " length = " +
                                            str( len( sw ) ) )
                            return main.FALSE
                        else:
                            for switch, ptcpNum in zip( sw, ptcp ):
                                tempCmd = "sh ovs-vsctl set-controller "
                                tempCmd += switch + " ptcp:" + \
                                    str( ptcpNum ) + " "
                                tempCmd += onosIp
                                commandList.append( tempCmd )
                    else:
                        main.log.error( self.name + ": Invalid PTCP" )
                        return main.FALSE
                else:
                    for switch in sw:
                        tempCmd = "sh ovs-vsctl set-controller "
                        tempCmd += switch + " " + onosIp
                        commandList.append( tempCmd )
            else:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": Invalid switch type " )
                return main.FALSE

            for cmd in commandList:
                try:
                    self.execute( cmd=cmd, prompt="mininet>", timeout=5 )
                    if "no bridge named" in self.handle.before:
                        main.log.error( self.name + ": Error in assignSwController: " +
                                        self.handle.before )
                except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": pexpect.TIMEOUT found" )
                    return main.FALSE
                except pexpect.EOF:
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                    main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                    main.cleanAndExit()
            return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def deleteSwController( self, sw ):
        """
           Removes the controller target from sw"""
        command = "sh ovs-vsctl del-controller " + str( sw )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        else:
            main.log.info( response )

    def addSwitch( self, sw, **kwargs ):
        """
        adds a switch to the mininet topology
        NOTE: This uses a custom mn function. MN repo should be on
            dynamic_topo branch
        NOTE: cannot currently specify what type of switch
        required params:
            sw = name of the new switch as a string
        optional keywords:
            dpid = "dpid"
        returns: main.FALSE on an error, else main.TRUE
        """
        dpid = kwargs.get( 'dpid', '' )
        command = "addswitch " + str( sw ) + " " + str( dpid )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
            if re.search( "already exists!", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "Error", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "usage:", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def delSwitch( self, sw ):
        """
        delete a switch from the mininet topology
        NOTE: This uses a custom mn function. MN repo should be on
            dynamic_topo branch
        required params:
            sw = name of the switch as a string
        returns: main.FALSE on an error, else main.TRUE"""
        command = "delswitch " + str( sw )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
            if re.search( "no switch named", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "Error", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "usage:", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def getSwitchRandom( self, timeout=60, nonCut=True ):
        """
        Randomly get a switch from Mininet topology.
        If nonCut is True, it gets a list of non-cut switches (the deletion
        of a non-cut switch will not increase the number of connected
        components of a graph) and randomly returns one of them, otherwise
        it just randomly returns one switch from all current switches in
        Mininet.
        Returns the name of the chosen switch.
        """
        import random
        candidateSwitches = []
        try:
            if not nonCut:
                switches = self.getSwitches( timeout=timeout )
                assert len( switches ) != 0
                for switchName in switches.keys():
                    candidateSwitches.append( switchName )
            else:
                graphDict = self.getGraphDict( timeout=timeout, useId=False )
                if graphDict is None:
                    return None
                self.graph.update( graphDict )
                candidateSwitches = self.graph.getNonCutVertices()
            if candidateSwitches is None:
                return None
            elif len( candidateSwitches ) == 0:
                main.log.info( self.name + ": No candidate switch for deletion" )
                return None
            else:
                switch = random.sample( candidateSwitches, 1 )
                return switch[ 0 ]
        except KeyError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": KeyError exception found" )
            return None
        except AssertionError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": AssertionError exception found" )
            return None
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception" )
            return None

    def delSwitchRandom( self, timeout=60, nonCut=True ):
        """
        Randomly delete a switch from Mininet topology.
        If nonCut is True, it gets a list of non-cut switches (the deletion
        of a non-cut switch will not increase the number of connected
        components of a graph) and randomly chooses one for deletion,
        otherwise it just randomly delete one switch from all current
        switches in Mininet.
        Returns the name of the deleted switch
        """
        try:
            switch = self.getSwitchRandom( timeout, nonCut )
            if switch is None:
                return None
            else:
                deletionResult = self.delSwitch( switch )
            if deletionResult:
                return switch
            else:
                return None
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception" )
            return None

    def addLink( self, node1, node2 ):
        """
           add a link to the mininet topology
           NOTE: This uses a custom mn function. MN repo should be on
                dynamic_topo branch
           NOTE: cannot currently specify what type of link
           required params:
           node1 = the string node name of the first endpoint of the link
           node2 = the string node name of the second endpoint of the link
           returns: main.FALSE on an error, else main.TRUE"""
        command = "addlink " + str( node1 ) + " " + str( node2 )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
            if re.search( "doesnt exist!", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "Error", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "usage:", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def delLink( self, node1, node2 ):
        """
           delete a link from the mininet topology
           NOTE: This uses a custom mn function. MN repo should be on
                dynamic_topo branch
           required params:
           node1 = the string node name of the first endpoint of the link
           node2 = the string node name of the second endpoint of the link
           returns: main.FALSE on an error, else main.TRUE
        """
        command = "dellink " + str( node1 ) + " " + str( node2 )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
            if re.search( "no node named", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "Error", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "usage:", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def getLinkRandom( self, timeout=60, nonCut=True ):
        """
        Randomly get a link from Mininet topology.
        If nonCut is True, it gets a list of non-cut links (the deletion
        of a non-cut link will not increase the number of connected
        component of a graph) and randomly returns one of them, otherwise
        it just randomly returns one link from all current links in
        Mininet.
        Returns the link as a list, e.g. [ 's1', 's2' ]
        """
        import random
        candidateLinks = []
        try:
            if not nonCut:
                links = self.getLinks( timeout=timeout )
                assert len( links ) != 0
                for link in links:
                    # Exclude host-switch link
                    if link[ 'node1' ].startswith( 'h' ) or link[ 'node2' ].startswith( 'h' ):
                        continue
                    candidateLinks.append( [ link[ 'node1' ], link[ 'node2' ] ] )
            else:
                graphDict = self.getGraphDict( timeout=timeout, useId=False )
                if graphDict is None:
                    return None
                self.graph.update( graphDict )
                candidateLinks = self.graph.getNonCutEdges()
            if candidateLinks is None:
                return None
            elif len( candidateLinks ) == 0:
                main.log.info( self.name + ": No candidate link for deletion" )
                return None
            else:
                link = random.sample( candidateLinks, 1 )
                return link[ 0 ]
        except KeyError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": KeyError exception found" )
            return None
        except AssertionError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": AssertionError exception found" )
            return None
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception" )
            return None

    def delLinkRandom( self, timeout=60, nonCut=True ):
        """
        Randomly delete a link from Mininet topology.
        If nonCut is True, it gets a list of non-cut links (the deletion
        of a non-cut link will not increase the number of connected
        component of a graph) and randomly chooses one for deletion,
        otherwise it just randomly delete one link from all current links
        in Mininet.
        Returns the deleted link as a list, e.g. [ 's1', 's2' ]
        """
        try:
            link = self.getLinkRandom( timeout, nonCut )
            if link is None:
                return None
            else:
                deletionResult = self.delLink( link[ 0 ], link[ 1 ] )
            if deletionResult:
                return link
            else:
                return None
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception" )
            return None

    def addHost( self, hostname, **kwargs ):
        """
        Add a host to the mininet topology
        NOTE: This uses a custom mn function. MN repo should be on
            dynamic_topo branch
        NOTE: cannot currently specify what type of host
        required params:
            hostname = the string hostname
        optional key-value params
            switch = "switch name"
            returns: main.FALSE on an error, else main.TRUE
        """
        switch = kwargs.get( 'switch', '' )
        command = "addhost " + str( hostname ) + " " + str( switch )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
            if re.search( "already exists!", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "doesnt exists!", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "Error", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "usage:", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def delHost( self, hostname ):
        """
           delete a host from the mininet topology
           NOTE: This uses a custom mn function. MN repo should be on
               dynamic_topo branch
           NOTE: this uses a custom mn function
           required params:
           hostname = the string hostname
           returns: main.FALSE on an error, else main.TRUE"""
        command = "delhost " + str( hostname )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
            if re.search( "no host named", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "Error", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            elif re.search( "usage:", response ):
                main.log.warn( response )
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def disconnect( self ):
        """
        Called at the end of the test to stop the mininet and
        disconnect the handle.
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( '' )
            i = self.handle.expect( [ 'mininet>', pexpect.EOF, pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                    timeout=2 )
            response = main.TRUE
            if i == 0:
                response = self.stopNet()
            elif i == 1:
                return main.TRUE
            # print "Disconnecting Mininet"
            if self.handle:
                self.handle.sendline( "exit" )
                self.handle.expect( "exit" )
                self.handle.expect( "(.*)" )
            else:
                main.log.error( "Connection failed to the host" )
            return response
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def stopNet( self, fileName="", timeout=5, exitTimeout=1000 ):
        """
        Stops mininet.
        Returns main.TRUE if the mininet successfully stops and
                main.FALSE if the pexpect handle does not exist.

        Will cleanup and exit the test if mininet fails to stop
        """
        main.log.info( self.name + ": Stopping mininet..." )
        response = ''
        if self.handle:
            try:
                self.handle.sendline( "" )
                i = self.handle.expect( [ 'mininet>',
                                          self.prompt,
                                          pexpect.EOF,
                                          pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                        timeout )
                if i == 0:
                    main.log.info( "Exiting mininet.." )
                    startTime = time.time()
                    response = self.execute( cmd="exit",
                                             prompt=self.prompt,
                                             timeout=exitTimeout )
                    main.log.info( self.name + ": Stopped\nTime Took : " + str( time.time() - startTime ) )
                    self.handle.sendline( "sudo mn -c" )
                    response = main.TRUE

                elif i == 1:
                    main.log.info( " Mininet trying to exit while not " +
                                   "in the mininet prompt" )
                    response = main.TRUE
                elif i == 2:
                    main.log.error( "Something went wrong exiting mininet" )
                elif i == 3:  # timeout
                    main.log.error( "Something went wrong exiting mininet " +
                                    "TIMEOUT" )

                if fileName:
                    self.handle.sendline( "" )
                    self.handle.expect( self.prompt )
                    self.handle.sendline(
                        "sudo kill -9 \`ps -ef | grep \"" +
                        fileName +
                        "\" | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}'\`" )
            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()
        else:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": Connection failed to the host" )
            response = main.FALSE
        return response

    def arping( self, srcHost="", dstHost="10.128.20.211", ethDevice="", output=True, noResult=False ):
        """
        Description:
            Sends arp message from mininet host for hosts discovery
        Required:
            host - hosts name
        Optional:
            ip - ip address that does not exist in the network so there would
                 be no reply.
        """
        if ethDevice:
            ethDevice = '-I ' + ethDevice + ' '
        cmd = srcHost + " arping -c1 "
        if noResult:
            cmd += "-w10 "  # If we don't want the actural arping result, set -w10, arping will exit after 10 ms.
        cmd += ethDevice + dstHost
        try:
            if output:
                main.log.info( "Sending: " + cmd )
            self.handle.sendline( cmd )
            i = self.handle.expect( [ "mininet>", "arping: " ] )
            if i == 0:
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 1:
                response = self.handle.before + self.handle.after
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response += self.handle.before + self.handle.after
                main.log.warn( "Error sending arping, output was: " +
                                response )
                return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
            main.log.warn( self.handle.before )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def decToHex( self, num ):
        return hex( num ).split( 'x' )[ 1 ]

    def getSwitchFlowCount( self, switch ):
        """
           return the Flow Count of the switch"""
        if self.handle:
            cmd = "sh ovs-ofctl dump-aggregate %s" % switch
            try:
                response = self.execute(
                    cmd=cmd,
                    prompt="mininet>",
                    timeout=10 )
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + "     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            pattern = "flow_count=(\d+)"
            result = re.search( pattern, response, re.MULTILINE )
            if result is None:
                main.log.info(
                    "Couldn't find flows on switch %s, found: %s" %
                    ( switch, response ) )
                return main.FALSE
            return result.group( 1 )
        else:
            main.log.error( "Connection failed to the Mininet host" )

    def checkFlows( self, sw, dumpFormat=None ):
        if dumpFormat:
            command = "sh ovs-ofctl -F " + \
                dumpFormat + " dump-flows " + str( sw )
        else:
            command = "sh ovs-ofctl dump-flows " + str( sw )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
            return response
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def flowTableComp( self, flowTable1, flowTable2 ):
        # This function compares the selctors and treatments of each flow
        try:
            assert flowTable1, "flowTable1 is empty or None"
            assert flowTable2, "flowTable2 is empty or None"
            returnValue = main.TRUE
            if len( flowTable1 ) != len( flowTable2 ):
                main.log.warn( "Flow table lengths do not match" )
                returnValue = main.FALSE
            dFields = [ "n_bytes", "cookie", "n_packets", "duration" ]
            for flow1, flow2 in zip( flowTable1, flowTable2 ):
                for field in dFields:
                    try:
                        flow1.pop( field )
                    except KeyError:
                        pass
                    try:
                        flow2.pop( field )
                    except KeyError:
                        pass
            for i in range( len( flowTable1 ) ):
                if flowTable1[ i ] not in flowTable2:
                    main.log.warn( "Flow tables do not match:" )
                    main.log.warn( "Old flow:\n{}\n not in new flow table".format( flowTable1[ i ] ) )
                    returnValue = main.FALSE
                    break
            return returnValue
        except AssertionError:
            main.log.exception( "Nothing to compare" )
            return main.FALSE
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( "Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def parseFlowTable( self, flowTable, version="", debug=True ):
        '''
        Discription: Parses flows into json format.
        NOTE: this can parse any string thats separated with commas
        Arguments:
            Required:
                flows: a list of strings that represnt flows
            Optional:
                version: The version of OpenFlow. Currently, 1.3 and 1.0 are supported.
                debug: prints out the final result
        returns: A list of flows in json format
        '''
        jsonFlowTable = []
        try:
            for flow in flowTable:
                jsonFlow = {}
                # split up the fields of the flow
                parsedFlow = flow.split( ", " )
                # get rid of any spaces in front of the field
                for i in range( len( parsedFlow ) ):
                    item = parsedFlow[ i ]
                    if item[ 0 ] == " ":
                        parsedFlow[ i ] = item[ 1: ]
                # grab the selector and treatment from the parsed flow
                # the last element is the selector and the treatment
                temp = parsedFlow.pop( -1 )
                # split up the selector and the treatment
                temp = temp.split( " " )
                index = 0
                # parse the flags
                # NOTE: This only parses one flag
                flag = {}
                if version == "1.3":
                    flag = { "flag": [ temp[ index ] ] }
                    index += 1
                # the first element is the selector and split it up
                sel = temp[ index ]
                index += 1
                sel = sel.split( "," )
                # the priority is stuck in the selecter so put it back
                # in the flow
                if 'priority' in sel[0]:
                    parsedFlow.append( sel.pop( 0 ) )
                # parse selector
                criteria = []
                for item in sel:
                    # this is the type of the packet e.g. "arp"
                    if "=" not in item:
                        criteria.append( { "type": item } )
                    else:
                        field = item.split( "=" )
                        criteria.append( { field[ 0 ]: field[ 1 ] } )
                selector = { "selector": { "criteria": sorted( criteria ) } }
                treat = temp[ index ]
                # get rid of the action part e.g. "action=output:2"
                # we will add it back later
                treat = treat.split( "=" )
                treat.pop( 0 )
                # parse treatment
                action = []
                for item in treat:
                    if ":" in item:
                        field = item.split( ":" )
                        action.append( { field[ 0 ]: field[ 1 ] } )
                    else:
                        main.log.warn( "Do not know how to process this treatment:{}, ignoring.".format(
                            item ) )
                # create the treatment field and add the actions
                treatment = { "treatment": { "action": sorted( action ) } }
                # parse the rest of the flow
                for item in parsedFlow:
                    field = item.split( "=" )
                    jsonFlow.update( { field[ 0 ]: field[ 1 ] } )
                # add the treatment and the selector to the json flow
                jsonFlow.update( selector )
                jsonFlow.update( treatment )
                jsonFlow.update( flag )

                if debug:
                    main.log.debug( "\033[94mJson flow:\033[0m\n{}\n".format( jsonFlow ) )

                # add the json flow to the json flow table
                jsonFlowTable.append( jsonFlow )

            return jsonFlowTable

        except IndexError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": IndexError found" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def getFlowTable( self, sw, version="", debug=False ):
        '''
        Discription: Returns the flow table(s) on a switch or switches in a list.
            Each element is a flow.
        Arguments:
            Required:
                sw: The switch name ("s1") to retrive the flow table. Can also be
                    a list of switches.
            Optional:
                version: The version of OpenFlow. Currently, 1.3 and 1.0 are supported.
                debug: prints out the final result
        '''
        try:
            switches = []
            if isinstance( sw, list ):
                switches.extend( sw )
            else:
                switches.append( sw )

            flows = []
            for s in switches:
                cmd = "sh ovs-ofctl dump-flows " + s

                if "1.0" == version:
                    cmd += " -F OpenFlow10-table_id"
                elif "1.3" == version:
                    cmd += " -O OpenFlow13"

                main.log.info( "Sending: " + cmd )
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                response = response.split( "\r\n" )
                # dump the first two elements and the last
                # the first element is the command that was sent
                # the second is the table header
                # the last element is empty
                response = response[ 2:-1 ]
                flows.extend( response )

            if debug:
                print "Flows:\n{}\n\n".format( flows )

            return self.parseFlowTable( flows, version, debug )

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": connection closed." )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def checkFlowId( self, sw, flowId, version="1.3", debug=True ):
        '''
        Discription: Checks whether the ID provided matches a flow ID in Mininet
        Arguments:
            Required:
                sw: The switch name ("s1") to retrive the flow table. Can also be
                    a list of switches.
                flowId: the flow ID in hex format. Can also be a list of IDs
            Optional:
                version: The version of OpenFlow. Currently, 1.3 and 1.0 are supported.
                debug: prints out the final result
        returns: main.TRUE if all IDs are present, otherwise returns main.FALSE
        NOTE: prints out IDs that are not present
        '''
        try:
            main.log.info( "Getting flows from Mininet" )
            flows = self.getFlowTable( sw, version, debug )
            if flows is None:
                return main.ERROR

            if debug:
                print "flow ids:\n{}\n\n".format( flowId )

            # Check flowId is a list or a string
            if isinstance( flowId, str ):
                result = False
                for f in flows:
                    if flowId in f.get( 'cookie' ):
                        result = True
                        break
            # flowId is a list
            else:
                result = True
                # Get flow IDs from Mininet
                mnFlowIds = [ f.get( 'cookie' ) for f in flows ]
                # Save the IDs that are not in Mininet
                absentIds = [ x for x in flowId if x not in mnFlowIds ]

                if debug:
                    print "mn flow ids:\n{}\n\n".format( mnFlowIds )

                # Print out the IDs that are not in Mininet
                if absentIds:
                    main.log.warn( "Absent ids: {}".format( absentIds ) )
                    result = False

            return main.TRUE if result else main.FALSE

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def startTcpdump( self, filename, intf="eth0", port="port 6653" ):
        """
           Runs tpdump on an interface and saves the file
           intf can be specified, or the default eth0 is used"""
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            self.handle.sendline(
                "sh sudo tcpdump -n -i " +
                intf +
                " " +
                port +
                " -w " +
                filename.strip() +
                "  &" )
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            i = self.handle.expect( [ 'No\ssuch\device',
                                      'listening\son',
                                      pexpect.TIMEOUT,
                                      "mininet>" ],
                                    timeout=10 )
            main.log.warn( self.handle.before + self.handle.after )
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            if i == 0:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": tcpdump - No such device exists. " +
                    "tcpdump attempted on: " +
                    intf )
                return main.FALSE
            elif i == 1:
                main.log.info( self.name + ": tcpdump started on " + intf )
                return main.TRUE
            elif i == 2:
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ": tcpdump command timed out! Check interface name," +
                    " given interface was: " +
                    intf )
                return main.FALSE
            elif i == 3:
                main.log.info( self.name + ": " + self.handle.before )
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": tcpdump - unexpected response" )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def stopTcpdump( self ):
        """
            pkills tcpdump"""
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "sh sudo pkill tcpdump" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def getPorts( self, nodeName, verbose=False ):
        """
        Read ports from a Mininet switch.

        Returns a json structure containing information about the
        ports of the given switch.
        """
        try:
            response = self.getInterfaces( nodeName )
            # TODO: Sanity check on response. log if no such switch exists
            ports = []
            for line in response.split( "\n" ):
                if not line.startswith( "name=" ):
                    continue
                portVars = {}
                for var in line.split( "," ):
                    key, value = var.split( "=" )
                    portVars[ key ] = value
                isUp = portVars.pop( 'enabled', "True" )
                isUp = "True" in isUp
                if verbose:
                    main.log.info( "Reading switch port %s(%s)" %
                                   ( portVars[ 'name' ], portVars[ 'mac' ] ) )
                mac = portVars[ 'mac' ]
                if mac == 'None':
                    mac = None
                ips = []
                ip = portVars[ 'ip' ]
                if ip == 'None':
                    ip = None
                ips.append( ip )
                name = portVars[ 'name' ]
                if name == 'None':
                    name = None
                portRe = r'[^\-]\d\-eth(?P<port>\d+)'
                if name == 'lo':
                    portNo = 0xfffe  # TODO: 1.0 value - Should we just return lo?
                else:
                    portNo = re.search( portRe, name ).group( 'port' )
                ports.append( { 'of_port': portNo,
                                'mac': str( mac ).replace( '\'', '' ),
                                'name': name,
                                'ips': ips,
                                'enabled': isUp } )
            return ports
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def getOVSPorts( self, nodeName ):
        """
        Read ports from OVS by executing 'ovs-ofctl dump-ports-desc' command.

        Returns a list of dictionaries containing information about each
        port of the given switch.
        """
        command = "sh ovs-ofctl dump-ports-desc " + str( nodeName )
        try:
            response = self.execute(
                cmd=command,
                prompt="mininet>",
                timeout=10 )
            ports = []
            if response:
                for line in response.split( "\n" ):
                    # Regex patterns to parse 'ovs-ofctl dump-ports-desc' output
                    # Example port:
                    # 1(s1-eth1): addr:ae:60:72:77:55:51
                    pattern = "(?P<index>\d+)\((?P<name>[^-]+-eth(?P<port>\d+))\):\saddr:(?P<mac>([a-f0-9]{2}:){5}[a-f0-9]{2})"
                    result = re.search( pattern, line )
                    if result:
                        index = result.group( 'index' )
                        name = result.group( 'name' )
                        # This port number is extracted from port name
                        port = result.group( 'port' )
                        mac = result.group( 'mac' )
                        ports.append( { 'index': index,
                                        'name': name,
                                        'port': port,
                                        'mac': mac } )
            return ports
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def getSwitches( self, verbose=False, updateTimeout=1000 ):
        """
        Read switches from Mininet.

        Returns a dictionary whose keys are the switch names and the value is
        a dictionary containing information about the switch.
        """
        # NOTE: To support new Mininet switch classes, just append the new
        # class to the switchClasses variable

        # Regex patterns to parse 'dump' output
        # Example Switches:
        # <OVSSwitch s1: lo:127.0.0.1,s1-eth1:None,s1-eth2:None,s1-eth3:None pid=5238>
        # <OVSSwitch{ 'protocols': 'OpenFlow10' } s1: lo:127.0.0.1,s1-eth1:None,s1-eth2:None pid=25974>
        # <OVSSwitchNS s1: lo:127.0.0.1,s1-eth1:None,s1-eth2:None,s1-eth3:None pid=22550>
        # <OVSBridge s1: lo:127.0.0.1,s1-eth1:None,s1-eth2:None pid=26830>
        # <UserSwitch s1: lo:127.0.0.1,s1-eth1:None,s1-eth2:None pid=14737>
        try:
            switchClasses = r"(OVSSwitch)|(OVSBridge)|(OVSSwitchNS)|(IVSSwitch)|(LinuxBridge)|(UserSwitch)"
            swRE = r"<(?P<class>" + switchClasses + r")" +\
                   r"(?P<options>\{.*\})?\s" +\
                   r"(?P<name>[^:]+)\:\s" +\
                   r"(?P<ports>([^,]+,)*[^,\s]+)" +\
                   r"\spid=(?P<pid>(\d)+)"
            # Update mn port info
            self.update( updateTimeout )
            output = {}
            dump = self.dump().split( "\n" )
            for line in dump:
                result = re.search( swRE, line, re.I )
                if result:
                    name = result.group( 'name' )
                    dpid = str( self.getSwitchDPID( name ) ).zfill( 16 )
                    pid = result.group( 'pid' )
                    swClass = result.group( 'class' )
                    options = result.group( 'options' )
                    if verbose:
                        main.log.info( "Reading switch %s(%s)" % ( name, dpid ) )
                    ports = self.getPorts( name )
                    output[ name ] = { "dpid": dpid,
                                       "ports": ports,
                                       "swClass": swClass,
                                       "pid": pid,
                                       "options": options }
            return output
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def getHosts( self, verbose=False, updateTimeout=1000,
                  hostClass=[ "Host", "DhcpClient", "Dhcp6Client", "DhcpServer", "Dhcp6Server", "DhcpRelay" ],
                  getInterfaces=True ):
        """
        Read hosts from Mininet.
        Optional:
            hostClass: it is used to match the class of the mininet host. It
                       can be a string or a list of strings.
        Returns a dictionary whose keys are the host names and the value is
        a dictionary containing information about the host.
        """
        # Regex patterns to parse dump output
        # Example host: <Host h1: h1-eth0:10.0.0.1 pid=5227>
        #               <Host h1:  pid=12725>
        #               <VLANHost h12: h12-eth0.100.100.100:100.1.0.3 pid=30186>
        #               <dualStackHost h19: h19-eth0:10.1.0.9 pid=30200>
        #               <IPv6Host h18: h18-eth0:10.0.0.18 pid=30198>
        # NOTE: Does not correctly match hosts with multi-links
        #       <Host h2: h2-eth0:10.0.0.2,h2-eth1:10.0.1.2 pid=14386>
        # FIXME: Fix that
        try:
            if not isinstance( hostClass, types.ListType ):
                hostClass = [ str( hostClass ) ]
            classRE = "(" + "|".join([c for c in hostClass]) + ")"
            ifaceRE = r"(?P<ifname>[^:]+)\:(?P<ip>[^\s,]+),?"
            ifacesRE = r"(?P<ifaces>[^:]+\:[^\s]+)"
            hostRE = r"" + classRE + "\s(?P<name>[^:]+)\:(" + ifacesRE + "*\spid=(?P<pid>[^>]+))"
            # update mn port info
            self.update( updateTimeout )
            # Get mininet dump
            dump = self.dump().split( "\n" )
            hosts = {}
            for line in dump:
                result = re.search( hostRE, line )
                if result:
                    name = result.group( 'name' )
                    interfaces = []
                    if getInterfaces:
                        response = self.getInterfaces( name )
                        # Populate interface info
                        for line in response.split( "\n" ):
                            if line.startswith( "name=" ):
                                portVars = {}
                                for var in line.split( "," ):
                                    key, value = var.split( "=" )
                                    portVars[ key ] = value
                                isUp = portVars.pop( 'enabled', "True" )
                                isUp = "True" in isUp
                                if verbose:
                                    main.log.info( "Reading host port %s(%s)" %
                                                   ( portVars[ 'name' ],
                                                     portVars[ 'mac' ] ) )
                                mac = portVars[ 'mac' ]
                                if mac == 'None':
                                    mac = None
                                ips = []
                                ip = portVars[ 'ip' ]
                                if ip == 'None':
                                    ip = None
                                ips.append( ip )
                                intfName = portVars[ 'name' ]
                                if name == 'None':
                                    name = None
                                interfaces.append( {
                                    "name": intfName,
                                    "ips": ips,
                                    "mac": str( mac ),
                                    "isUp": isUp } )
                    hosts[ name ] = { "interfaces": interfaces }
            return hosts
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def getLinks( self, timeout=20, updateTimeout=1000 ):
        """
        Gathers information about current Mininet links. These links may not
        be up if one of the ports is down.

        Returns a list of dictionaries with link endpoints.

        The dictionary structure is:
            { 'node1': str( node1 name )
              'node2': str( node2 name )
              'port1': str( port1 of_port )
              'port2': str( port2 of_port ) }
        Note: The port number returned is the eth#, not necessarily the of_port
              number. In Mininet, for OVS switch, these should be the same. For
              hosts, this is just the eth#.
        """
        try:
            self.update()
            response = self.links( timeout=timeout ).split( '\n' )

            # Examples:
            # s1-eth3<->s2-eth1 (OK OK)
            # s13-eth3<->h27-eth0 (OK OK)
            linkRE = "(?P<node1>[\w]+)\-eth(?P<port1>[\d]+)\<\-\>" +\
                     "(?P<node2>[\w]+)\-eth(?P<port2>[\d]+)"
            links = []
            for line in response:
                match = re.search( linkRE, line )
                if match:
                    node1 = match.group( 'node1' )
                    node2 = match.group( 'node2' )
                    port1 = match.group( 'port1' )
                    port2 = match.group( 'port2' )
                    links.append( { 'node1': node1,
                                    'node2': node2,
                                    'port1': port1,
                                    'port2': port2 } )
            return links

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def compareSwitches( self, switches, switchesJson, portsJson ):
        """
           Compare mn and onos switches
           switchesJson: parsed json object from the onos devices api

        Dependencies:
            1. numpy - "sudo pip install numpy"
        """
        from numpy import uint64
        # created sorted list of dpid's in MN and ONOS for comparison
        try:
            mnDPIDs = []
            for swName, switch in switches.iteritems():
                mnDPIDs.append( switch[ 'dpid' ].lower() )
            mnDPIDs.sort()
            if switchesJson == "":  # if rest call fails
                main.log.error(
                    self.name +
                    ".compareSwitches(): Empty JSON object given from ONOS" )
                return main.FALSE
            onos = switchesJson
            onosDPIDs = []
            for switch in onos:
                if switch[ 'available' ]:
                    onosDPIDs.append(
                        switch[ 'id' ].replace(
                            ":",
                            '' ).replace(
                            "of",
                            '' ).lower() )
            onosDPIDs.sort()

            if mnDPIDs != onosDPIDs:
                switchResults = main.FALSE
                main.log.error( "Switches in MN but not in ONOS:" )
                list1 = [ switch for switch in mnDPIDs if switch not in onosDPIDs ]
                main.log.error( str( list1 ) )
                main.log.error( "Switches in ONOS but not in MN:" )
                list2 = [ switch for switch in onosDPIDs if switch not in mnDPIDs ]
                main.log.error( str( list2 ) )
            else:  # list of dpid's match in onos and mn
                switchResults = main.TRUE
            finalResults = switchResults

            # FIXME: this does not look for extra ports in ONOS, only checks that
            # ONOS has what is in MN
            portsResults = main.TRUE

            # PORTS
            for name, mnSwitch in switches.iteritems():
                mnPorts = []
                onosPorts = []
                switchResult = main.TRUE
                for port in mnSwitch[ 'ports' ]:
                    if port[ 'enabled' ]:
                        mnPorts.append( int( port[ 'of_port' ] ) )
                for onosSwitch in portsJson:
                    if onosSwitch[ 'device' ][ 'available' ]:
                        if onosSwitch[ 'device' ][ 'id' ].replace(
                                ':',
                                '' ).replace(
                                "of",
                                '' ) == mnSwitch[ 'dpid' ]:
                            for port in onosSwitch[ 'ports' ]:
                                if port[ 'isEnabled' ]:
                                    if port[ 'port' ].lower() == 'local':
                                        # onosPorts.append( 'local' )
                                        onosPorts.append( long( uint64( -2 ) ) )
                                    else:
                                        onosPorts.append( int( port[ 'port' ] ) )
                            break
                mnPorts.sort( key=float )
                onosPorts.sort( key=float )

                mnPortsLog = mnPorts
                onosPortsLog = onosPorts
                mnPorts = [ x for x in mnPorts ]
                onosPorts = [ x for x in onosPorts ]

                # TODO: handle other reserved port numbers besides LOCAL
                # NOTE: Reserved ports
                # Local port: -2 in Openflow, ONOS shows 'local', we store as
                # long( uint64( -2 ) )
                for mnPort in mnPortsLog:
                    if mnPort in onosPorts:
                        # don't set results to true here as this is just one of
                        # many checks and it might override a failure
                        mnPorts.remove( mnPort )
                        onosPorts.remove( mnPort )

                    # NOTE: OVS reports this as down since there is no link
                    #      So ignoring these for now
                    # TODO: Come up with a better way of handling these
                    if 65534 in mnPorts:
                        mnPorts.remove( 65534 )
                    if long( uint64( -2 ) ) in onosPorts:
                        onosPorts.remove( long( uint64( -2 ) ) )
                if len( mnPorts ):  # the ports of this switch don't match
                    switchResult = main.FALSE
                    main.log.warn( "Ports in MN but not ONOS: " + str( mnPorts ) )
                if len( onosPorts ):  # the ports of this switch don't match
                    switchResult = main.FALSE
                    main.log.warn(
                        "Ports in ONOS but not MN: " +
                        str( onosPorts ) )
                if switchResult == main.FALSE:
                    main.log.error(
                        "The list of ports for switch %s(%s) does not match:" %
                        ( name, mnSwitch[ 'dpid' ] ) )
                    main.log.warn( "mn_ports[]  =  " + str( mnPortsLog ) )
                    main.log.warn( "onos_ports[] = " + str( onosPortsLog ) )
                portsResults = portsResults and switchResult
            finalResults = finalResults and portsResults
            return finalResults
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def compareLinks( self, switches, links, linksJson ):
        """
           Compare mn and onos links
           linksJson: parsed json object from the onos links api

        """
        # FIXME: this does not look for extra links in ONOS, only checks that
        #        ONOS has what is in MN
        try:
            onos = linksJson

            mnLinks = []
            for l in links:
                try:
                    node1 = switches[ l[ 'node1' ] ]
                    node2 = switches[ l[ 'node2' ] ]
                    enabled = True
                    for port in node1[ 'ports' ]:
                        if port[ 'of_port' ] == l[ 'port1' ]:
                            enabled = enabled and port[ 'enabled' ]
                    for port in node2[ 'ports' ]:
                        if port[ 'of_port' ] == l[ 'port2' ]:
                            enabled = enabled and port[ 'enabled' ]
                    if enabled:
                        mnLinks.append( l )
                except KeyError:
                    pass
            if 2 * len( mnLinks ) == len( onos ):
                linkResults = main.TRUE
            else:
                linkResults = main.FALSE
                main.log.error(
                    "Mininet has " + str( len( mnLinks ) ) +
                    " bidirectional links and ONOS has " +
                    str( len( onos ) ) + " unidirectional links" )

            # iterate through MN links and check if an ONOS link exists in
            # both directions
            for link in mnLinks:
                # TODO: Find a more efficient search method
                node1 = None
                port1 = None
                node2 = None
                port2 = None
                firstDir = main.FALSE
                secondDir = main.FALSE
                for swName, switch in switches.iteritems():
                    if swName == link[ 'node1' ]:
                        node1 = switch[ 'dpid' ]
                        for port in switch[ 'ports' ]:
                            if str( port[ 'of_port' ] ) == str( link[ 'port1' ] ):
                                port1 = port[ 'of_port' ]
                        if node1 is not None and node2 is not None:
                            break
                    if swName == link[ 'node2' ]:
                        node2 = switch[ 'dpid' ]
                        for port in switch[ 'ports' ]:
                            if str( port[ 'of_port' ] ) == str( link[ 'port2' ] ):
                                port2 = port[ 'of_port' ]
                        if node1 is not None and node2 is not None:
                            break

                for onosLink in onos:
                    onosNode1 = onosLink[ 'src' ][ 'device' ].replace(
                        ":", '' ).replace( "of", '' )
                    onosNode2 = onosLink[ 'dst' ][ 'device' ].replace(
                        ":", '' ).replace( "of", '' )
                    onosPort1 = onosLink[ 'src' ][ 'port' ]
                    onosPort2 = onosLink[ 'dst' ][ 'port' ]

                    # check onos link from node1 to node2
                    if str( onosNode1 ) == str( node1 ) and str(
                            onosNode2 ) == str( node2 ):
                        if int( onosPort1 ) == int( port1 ) and int(
                                onosPort2 ) == int( port2 ):
                            firstDir = main.TRUE
                        else:
                            # The right switches, but wrong ports, could be
                            # another link between these devices, or onos
                            # discovered the links incorrectly
                            main.log.warn(
                                'The port numbers do not match for ' +
                                str( link ) +
                                ' between ONOS and MN. When checking ONOS for ' +
                                'link %s/%s -> %s/%s' %
                                ( node1, port1, node2, port2 ) +
                                ' ONOS has the values %s/%s -> %s/%s' %
                                ( onosNode1, onosPort1, onosNode2, onosPort2 ) +
                                '. This could be another link between these devices' +
                                ' or a incorrectly discoved link' )

                    # check onos link from node2 to node1
                    elif ( str( onosNode1 ) == str( node2 ) and
                            str( onosNode2 ) == str( node1 ) ):
                        if ( int( onosPort1 ) == int( port2 )
                                and int( onosPort2 ) == int( port1 ) ):
                            secondDir = main.TRUE
                        else:
                            # The right switches, but wrong ports, could be
                            # another link between these devices, or onos
                            # discovered the links incorrectly
                            main.log.warn(
                                'The port numbers do not match for ' +
                                str( link ) +
                                ' between ONOS and MN. When checking ONOS for ' +
                                'link %s/%s -> %s/%s' %
                                ( node1, port1, node2, port2 ) +
                                ' ONOS has the values %s/%s -> %s/%s' %
                                ( onosNode2, onosPort2, onosNode1, onosPort1 ) +
                                '. This could be another link between these devices' +
                                ' or a incorrectly discoved link' )
                    else:  # this is not the link you're looking for
                        pass
                if not firstDir:
                    main.log.error(
                        'ONOS does not have the link %s/%s -> %s/%s' %
                        ( node1, port1, node2, port2 ) )
                if not secondDir:
                    main.log.error(
                        'ONOS does not have the link %s/%s -> %s/%s' %
                        ( node2, port2, node1, port1 ) )
                linkResults = linkResults and firstDir and secondDir
            return linkResults
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def compareHosts( self, hosts, hostsJson ):
        """
        Compare mn and onos Hosts.
        Since Mininet hosts are quiet, ONOS will only know of them when they
        speak. For this reason, we will only check that the hosts in ONOS
        stores are in Mininet, and not vice versa.

        Arguments:
            hostsJson: parsed json object from the onos hosts api
        Returns:
        """
        import json
        try:
            hostResults = main.TRUE
            for onosHost in hostsJson:
                onosMAC = onosHost[ 'mac' ].lower()
                match = False
                for mnHost, info in hosts.iteritems():
                    for mnIntf in info[ 'interfaces' ]:
                        if onosMAC == mnIntf[ 'mac' ].lower():
                            match = True
                            for ip in mnIntf[ 'ips' ]:
                                if ip in onosHost[ 'ipAddresses' ]:
                                    pass  # all is well
                                else:
                                    # misssing ip
                                    main.log.error( "ONOS host " +
                                                    onosHost[ 'id' ] +
                                                    " has a different IP(" +
                                                    str( onosHost[ 'ipAddresses' ] ) +
                                                    ") than the Mininet host(" +
                                                    str( ip ) +
                                                    ")." )
                                    output = json.dumps(
                                        onosHost,
                                        sort_keys=True,
                                        indent=4,
                                        separators=( ',', ': ' ) )
                                    main.log.info( output )
                                    hostResults = main.FALSE
                if not match:
                    hostResults = main.FALSE
                    main.log.error( "ONOS host " + onosHost[ 'id' ] + " has no " +
                                    "corresponding Mininet host." )
                    output = json.dumps( onosHost,
                                         sort_keys=True,
                                         indent=4,
                                         separators=( ',', ': ' ) )
                    main.log.info( output )
            return hostResults
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def verifyHostIp( self, hostList=[], prefix="" ):
        """
        Description:
            Verify that all hosts have IP address assigned to them
        Optional:
            hostList: If specified, verifications only happen to the hosts
            in hostList
            prefix: at least one of the ip address assigned to the host
            needs to have the specified prefix
        Returns:
            main.TRUE if all hosts have specific IP address assigned;
            main.FALSE otherwise
        """
        try:
            hosts = self.getHosts( getInterfaces=False )
            if not hostList:
                hostList = hosts.keys()
            for hostName in hosts.keys():
                if hostName not in hostList:
                    continue
                ipList = []
                self.handle.sendline( str( hostName ) + " ip a" )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                ipa = self.handle.before
                ipv4Pattern = r'inet ((?:[0-9]{1,3}\.){3}[0-9]{1,3})/'
                ipList += re.findall( ipv4Pattern, ipa )
                # It's tricky to make regex for IPv6 addresses and this one is simplified
                ipv6Pattern = r'inet6 ((?:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4})?(?:[:0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,7}(?:::)?(?:[:0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,7})/'
                ipList += re.findall( ipv6Pattern, ipa )
                main.log.debug( self.name + ": IP list on host " + str( hostName ) + ": " + str( ipList ) )
                if not ipList:
                    main.log.warn( self.name + ": Failed to discover any IP addresses on host " + str( hostName ) )
                else:
                    if not any( ip.startswith( str( prefix ) ) for ip in ipList ):
                        main.log.warn( self.name + ": None of the IPs on host " + str( hostName ) + " has prefix " + str( prefix ) )
                    else:
                        main.log.debug( self.name + ": Found matching IP on host " + str( hostName ) )
                        hostList.remove( hostName )
            return main.FALSE if hostList else main.TRUE
        except KeyError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": host data not as expected: " + hosts )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception" )
            return None

    def getHostsOld( self ):
        """
           Returns a list of all hosts
           Don't ask questions just use it"""
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

            self.handle.sendline( "py [ host.name for host in net.hosts ]" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

            handlePy = self.handle.before
            handlePy = handlePy.split( "]\r\n", 1 )[ 1 ]
            handlePy = handlePy.rstrip()

            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

            hostStr = handlePy.replace( "]", "" )
            hostStr = hostStr.replace( "'", "" )
            hostStr = hostStr.replace( "[", "" )
            hostStr = hostStr.replace( " ", "" )
            hostList = hostStr.split( "," )

            return hostList
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def getSwitch( self ):
        """
            Returns a list of all switches
            Again, don't ask question just use it...
        """
        try:
            # get host list...
            hostList = self.getHosts()
            # Make host set
            hostSet = set( hostList )

            # Getting all the nodes in mininet
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

            self.handle.sendline( "py [ node.name for node in net.values() ]" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

            handlePy = self.handle.before
            handlePy = handlePy.split( "]\r\n", 1 )[ 1 ]
            handlePy = handlePy.rstrip()

            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

            nodesStr = handlePy.replace( "]", "" )
            nodesStr = nodesStr.replace( "'", "" )
            nodesStr = nodesStr.replace( "[", "" )
            nodesStr = nodesStr.replace( " ", "" )
            nodesList = nodesStr.split( "," )

            nodesSet = set( nodesList )
            # discarding default controller(s) node
            nodesSet.discard( 'c0' )
            nodesSet.discard( 'c1' )
            nodesSet.discard( 'c2' )

            switchSet = nodesSet - hostSet
            switchList = list( switchSet )

            return switchList
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def getGraphDict( self, timeout=60, useId=True, includeHost=False ):
        """
        Return a dictionary which describes the latest Mininet topology data as a
        graph.
        An example of the dictionary:
        { vertex1: { 'edges': ..., 'name': ..., 'protocol': ... },
          vertex2: { 'edges': ..., 'name': ..., 'protocol': ... } }
        Each vertex should at least have an 'edges' attribute which describes the
        adjacency information. The value of 'edges' attribute is also represented by
        a dictionary, which maps each edge (identified by the neighbor vertex) to a
        list of attributes.
        An example of the edges dictionary:
        'edges': { vertex2: { 'port': ..., 'weight': ... },
                   vertex3: { 'port': ..., 'weight': ... } }
        If useId == True, dpid/mac will be used instead of names to identify
        vertices, which is helpful when e.g. comparing Mininet topology with ONOS
        topology.
        If includeHost == True, all hosts (and host-switch links) will be included
        in topology data.
        Note that link or switch that are brought down by 'link x x down' or 'switch
        x down' commands still show in the output of Mininet CLI commands such as
        'links', 'dump', etc. Thus, to ensure the correctness of this function, it is
        recommended to use delLink() or delSwitch functions to simulate link/switch
        down, and addLink() or addSwitch to add them back.
        """
        graphDict = {}
        try:
            links = self.getLinks( timeout=timeout )
            portDict = {}
            if useId:
                switches = self.getSwitches()
            if includeHost:
                hosts = self.getHosts()
            for link in links:
                # FIXME: support 'includeHost' argument
                if link[ 'node1' ].startswith( 'h' ) or link[ 'node2' ].startswith( 'h' ):
                    continue
                nodeName1 = link[ 'node1' ]
                nodeName2 = link[ 'node2' ]
                port1 = link[ 'port1' ]
                port2 = link[ 'port2' ]
                # Loop for two nodes
                for i in range( 2 ):
                    # Get port index from OVS
                    # The index extracted from port name may be inconsistent with ONOS
                    portIndex = -1
                    if nodeName1 not in portDict.keys():
                        portList = self.getOVSPorts( nodeName1 )
                        if len( portList ) == 0:
                            main.log.warn( self.name + ": No port found on switch " + nodeName1 )
                            return None
                        portDict[ nodeName1 ] = portList
                    for port in portDict[ nodeName1 ]:
                        if port[ 'port' ] == port1:
                            portIndex = port[ 'index' ]
                            break
                    if portIndex == -1:
                        main.log.warn( self.name + ": Cannot find port index for interface {}-eth{}".format( nodeName1, port1 ) )
                        return None
                    if useId:
                        node1 = 'of:' + str( switches[ nodeName1 ][ 'dpid' ] )
                        node2 = 'of:' + str( switches[ nodeName2 ][ 'dpid' ] )
                    else:
                        node1 = nodeName1
                        node2 = nodeName2
                    if node1 not in graphDict.keys():
                        if useId:
                            graphDict[ node1 ] = { 'edges': {},
                                                   'dpid': switches[ nodeName1 ][ 'dpid' ],
                                                   'name': nodeName1,
                                                   'ports': switches[ nodeName1 ][ 'ports' ],
                                                   'swClass': switches[ nodeName1 ][ 'swClass' ],
                                                   'pid': switches[ nodeName1 ][ 'pid' ],
                                                   'options': switches[ nodeName1 ][ 'options' ] }
                        else:
                            graphDict[ node1 ] = { 'edges': {} }
                    else:
                        # Assert node2 is not connected to any current links of node1
                        assert node2 not in graphDict[ node1 ][ 'edges' ].keys()
                    graphDict[ node1 ][ 'edges' ][ node2 ] = { 'port': portIndex }
                    # Swap two nodes/ports
                    nodeName1, nodeName2 = nodeName2, nodeName1
                    port1, port2 = port2, port1
            return graphDict
        except KeyError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": KeyError exception found" )
            return None
        except AssertionError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": AssertionError exception found" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception" )
            return None

    def update( self, timeout=1000 ):
        """
           updates the port address and status information for
           each port in mn"""
        # TODO: Add error checking. currently the mininet command has no output
        main.log.info( "Updating MN port information" )
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

            self.handle.sendline( "update" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>", timeout )

            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )

            return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def assignVLAN( self, host, intf, vlan ):
        """
           Add vlan tag to a host.
           Dependencies:
               This class depends on the "vlan" package
               $ sudo apt-get install vlan
           Configuration:
               Load the 8021q module into the kernel
               $sudo modprobe 8021q

               To make this setup permanent:
               $ sudo su -c 'echo "8021q" >> /etc/modules'
           """
        if self.handle:
            try:
                # get the ip address of the host
                main.log.info( "Get the ip address of the host" )
                ipaddr = self.getIPAddress( host )
                print repr( ipaddr )

                # remove IP from interface intf
                # Ex: h1 ifconfig h1-eth0 inet 0
                main.log.info( "Remove IP from interface " )
                cmd2 = host + " ifconfig " + intf + " " + " inet 0 "
                self.handle.sendline( cmd2 )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "====> %s ", response )

                # create VLAN interface
                # Ex: h1 vconfig add h1-eth0 100
                main.log.info( "Create Vlan" )
                cmd3 = host + " vconfig add " + intf + " " + vlan
                self.handle.sendline( cmd3 )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "====> %s ", response )

                # assign the host's IP to the VLAN interface
                # Ex: h1 ifconfig h1-eth0.100 inet 10.0.0.1
                main.log.info( "Assign the host IP to the vlan interface" )
                vintf = intf + "." + vlan
                cmd4 = host + " ifconfig " + vintf + " " + " inet " + ipaddr
                self.handle.sendline( cmd4 )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "====> %s ", response )

                # update Mininet node variables
                main.log.info( "Update Mininet node variables" )
                cmd5 = "px %s.defaultIntf().name='%s'" % ( host, vintf )
                self.handle.sendline( cmd5 )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "====> %s ", response )

                cmd6 = "px %s.nameToIntf['%s']=%s.defaultIntf()" % ( host, vintf, host )
                self.handle.sendline( cmd6 )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "====> %s ", response )

                return main.TRUE
            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                return main.FALSE
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                return main.FALSE

    def removeVLAN( self, host, intf ):
        """
           Remove vlan tag from a host.
           Dependencies:
               This class depends on the "vlan" package
               $ sudo apt-get install vlan
           Configuration:
               Load the 8021q module into the kernel
               $sudo modprobe 8021q

               To make this setup permanent:
               $ sudo su -c 'echo "8021q" >> /etc/modules'
           """
        if self.handle:
            try:
                # get the ip address of the host
                main.log.info( "Get the ip address of the host" )
                ipaddr = self.getIPAddress( host )

                # remove VLAN interface
                # Ex: h1 vconfig rem h1-eth0.100
                main.log.info( "Remove Vlan interface" )
                cmd2 = host + " vconfig rem " + intf
                self.handle.sendline( cmd2 )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "====> %s ", response )

                # assign the host's IP to the original interface
                # Ex: h1 ifconfig h1-eth0 inet 10.0.0.1
                main.log.info( "Assign the host IP to the original interface" )
                original_intf = intf.split(".")[0]
                cmd3 = host + " ifconfig " + original_intf + " " + " inet " + ipaddr
                self.handle.sendline( cmd3 )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "====> %s ", response )

                # update Mininet node variables
                cmd4 = "px %s.defaultIntf().name='%s'" % ( host, original_intf )
                self.handle.sendline( cmd4 )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "====> %s ", response )

                cmd5 = "px %s.nameToIntf['%s']=%s.defaultIntf()" % ( host, original_intf, host )
                self.handle.sendline( cmd5 )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                response = self.handle.before
                main.log.info( "====> %s ", response )

                return main.TRUE
            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": TIMEOUT exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
                main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
                return main.FALSE
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                return main.FALSE

    def createHostComponent( self, name ):
        """
        Creates a new mininet cli component with the same parameters as self.
        This new component is intended to be used to login to the hosts created
        by mininet.

        Arguments:
            name - The string of the name of this component. The new component
                   will be assigned to main.<name> .
                   In addition, main.<name>.name = str( name )
        """
        try:
            # look to see if this component already exists
            getattr( main, name )
        except AttributeError:
            # namespace is clear, creating component
            main.componentDictionary[ name ] = main.componentDictionary[ self.name ].copy()
            main.componentDictionary[ name ][ 'connect_order' ] = str( int( main.componentDictionary[ name ][ 'connect_order' ] ) + 1 )
            main.componentInit( name )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        else:
            # namespace is not clear!
            main.log.error( name + " component already exists!" )
            # FIXME: Should we exit here?
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def removeHostComponent( self, name ):
        """
        Remove host component
        Arguments:
            name - The string of the name of the component to delete.
        """
        try:
            # Get host component
            component = getattr( main, name )
        except AttributeError:
            main.log.error( "Component " + name + " does not exist." )
            return
        try:
            # Disconnect from component
            component.disconnect()
            # Delete component
            delattr( main, name )
            # Delete component from ComponentDictionary
            del( main.componentDictionary[ name ] )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def startHostCli( self, host=None ):
        """
        Use the mininet m utility to connect to the host's cli
        """
        # These are fields that can be used by scapy packets. Initialized to None
        self.hostIp = None
        self.hostMac = None
        try:
            if not host:
                host = self.name
            self.handle.sendline( self.home + "/util/m " + host )
            self.handle.sendline( "cd" )
            self.handle.expect( self.hostPrompt )
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( self.hostPrompt )
            return main.TRUE
        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Command timed out" )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": connection closed." )
            main.cleanAndExit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanAndExit()

    def changeInterfaceStatus( self, devicename, intf, status ):
        '''

        Args:
            devicename: switch name
            intf: port name on switch
            status: up or down

        Returns: boolean to show success change status

        '''
        if status == "down" or status == "up":
            try:
                cmd = devicename + " ifconfig " + intf + " " + status
                self.handle.sendline( cmd )
                self.handle.expect( "mininet>" )
                return main.TRUE
            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Command timed out" )
                return main.FALSE
            except pexpect.EOF:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": connection closed." )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except TypeError:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": TypeError" )
                main.cleanAndExit()
            except Exception:
                main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
                main.cleanAndExit()
        else:
            main.log.warn( "Interface status should be up or down!" )
            return main.FALSE


if __name__ != "__main__":
    sys.modules[ __name__ ] = MininetCliDriver()