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<h1><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding"></a>Apache Felix Framework Launching and Embedding</h1>
<p><em>[This document describes framework launching introduced in Felix
Framework 2.0.0 and continuing with the latest releases; it is
incompatible with older versions of the Felix framework.]</em></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-overview">OSGi Launching and Embedding API Overview</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-creatingandconfiguring">Creating and Configuring the Framework Instance</a></li>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-startinginstance">Starting the Framework Instance</a></li>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-stoppinginstance">Stopping the Framework Instance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-launching">Launching Felix</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-standardlauncher">Standard Felix Launcher</a></li>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-customlauncher">Custom Felix Launcher</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-embedding">Embedding Felix</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-hostinteraction">Host/Felix Interaction</a></li>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-hostservices">Providing Host Application Services</a></li>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-hostserviceusage">Using Services Provided by Bundles</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-servicereflection">Using Bundle Services via Reflection</a></li>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-serviceother">Other Approaches</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-caveat">Caveat</a></li>
<li><a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-feedback">Feedback</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-introduction"></a></p>
<h1><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-Introduction"></a>Introduction</h1>
<p>The Apache Felix Framework is intended to be easily launchable and
embeddable. For example, the Felix framework implementation avoids the
use of system properties for configuration, since these are globals and
can cause interference if multiple framework instances are created in
the same VM. The framework also tries to multiplex singleton
facilities, like the URL stream handler factory. The goal is to make it
possible to use the framework in a variety of scenarios; however, this
is still just a goal. In other words, this is a work in progress and if
any issues arise, it would be greatly appreciated if they are brought
to the attention of the Felix community. The next section provides an
overview of the standard OSGi launching and embedding API for
frameworks, while the remainder of the document is divided into two
sections, one focusing on how to launch Felix and one focusing on how
to embed Felix into a host application.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-overview"></a></p>
<h1><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-OSGiLaunchingandEmbeddingAPIOverview"></a>OSGi Launching and Embedding API Overview</h1>
<p>The Felix framework is implemented by the <tt>org.apache.felix.framework.Felix</tt> class or just <tt>Felix</tt>
for short. As part of the R4.2 OSGi specification, the launching and
embedding API of the OSGi framework has been standardized. The approach
is to have the framework implement the <tt>org.osgi.framework.launch.Framework</tt> interface, which extends the <tt>org.osgi.framework.Bundle</tt> interface. These interfaces provide the necessary means to launch and manage framework instances. The <tt>Bundle</tt> interface is defined as:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-keyword">interface</span> Bundle
{
BundleContext getBundleContext();
<span class="code-object">long</span> getBundleId();
URL getEntry(<span class="code-object">String</span> name);
Enumeration getEntryPaths(<span class="code-object">String</span> path);
Enumeration findEntries(<span class="code-object">String</span> path, <span class="code-object">String</span> filePattern, <span class="code-object">boolean</span> recurse);
Dictionary getHeaders();
Dictionary getHeaders(<span class="code-object">String</span> locale);
<span class="code-object">long</span> getLastModified();
<span class="code-object">String</span> getLocation();
URL getResource(<span class="code-object">String</span> name);
Enumeration getResources(<span class="code-object">String</span> name) <span class="code-keyword">throws</span> IOException;
ServiceReference[] getRegisteredServices();
ServiceReference[] getServicesInUse();
<span class="code-object">int</span> getState();
<span class="code-object">String</span> getSymbolicName();
Version getVersion();
<span class="code-object">boolean</span> hasPermission(<span class="code-object">Object</span> obj);
<span class="code-object">Class</span> loadClass(<span class="code-object">String</span> name) <span class="code-keyword">throws</span> ClassNotFoundException;
void start() <span class="code-keyword">throws</span> BundleException;
void stop() <span class="code-keyword">throws</span> BundleException;
void uninstall() <span class="code-keyword">throws</span> BundleException;
void update() <span class="code-keyword">throws</span> BundleException;
void update(InputStream is) <span class="code-keyword">throws</span> BundleException;
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>The <tt>Framework</tt> interface is defined as:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-keyword">interface</span> Framework <span class="code-keyword">extends</span> Bundle
{
void init();
FrameworkEvent waitForStop(<span class="code-object">long</span> timeout);
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>To actually construct a framework instance, the R4.2 specification defines the <tt>FrameworkFactory</tt> interface:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-keyword">interface</span> FrameworkFactory
{
Framework newFramework(Map config);
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>The framework factory can be used to create configured framework instances. It is obtained following the standard <tt>META-INF/services</tt> approach.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-creatingandconfiguring"></a></p>
<h2><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-CreatingandConfiguringtheFrameworkInstance"></a>Creating and Configuring the Framework Instance</h2>
<p>You use the framework factory to construct and configure a framework
instance (or by directly instantiating the Felix class). The
configuration map may contain any of the framework configuration
properties listed in the <a href="http://felix.apache.org/site/apache-felix-framework-configuration-properties.html" title="Apache Felix Framework Configuration Properties">Apache Felix Framework Configuration Properties</a>
document, not the launcher configuration properties. The configuration
map is copied and the keys are treated as case insensitive. You are not
able to change the framework's configuration after construction. If you
need a different configuration, you must create a new framework
instance.</p>
<div class="panelMacro"><table class="warningMacro"><colgroup><col width="24"><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td valign="top"><img src="apache-felix-framework-launching-and-embedding_files/forbidden.gif" alt="" align="absmiddle" border="0" height="16" width="16"></td><td><b>WARNING</b><br>Felix configuration properties have change considerably starting from <tt>1.4.0</tt>; if you are upgrading from an earlier version, the <a href="http://felix.apache.org/site/apache-felix-framework-configuration-properties.html#ApacheFelixFrameworkConfigurationProperties-migrating">configuration property document</a> describes the configuration property changes.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-startinginstance"></a></p>
<h2><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-StartingtheFrameworkInstance"></a>Starting the Framework Instance</h2>
<p>The <tt>start()</tt> method is used to start the framework instance. If the <tt>init()</tt> method was not invoked prior to calling <tt>start()</tt>, then it is invoked by <tt>start()</tt>. The two methods result in two different framework state transitions:</p>
<ul>
<li><tt>init()</tt> results in the framework instance in the <tt>Bundle.STARTING</tt> state.</li>
<li><tt>start()</tt> results in the framework instance in the <tt>Bundle.ACTIVE</tt> state.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <tt>init()</tt> method is necessary since the framework does not have a <tt>BundleContext</tt> when it is first created, so a transition to the <tt>Bundle.STARTING</tt> state is required to acquire its context (via <tt>Bundle.getBundleContext()</tt>) for performing various tasks, such as installing bundles. Note that the Felix framework also provides the <tt>felix.systembundle.activators</tt> property that serves a similar purpose, but is not standard. After the <tt>init()</tt> method completes, the follow actions have been performed:</p>
<ul>
<li>Event handling is enabled.</li>
<li>The security manager is installed if it is enabled.</li>
<li>The framework is set to start level 0.</li>
<li>All bundles in the bundle caches are reified and their state is set to <tt>Bundle.INSTALLED</tt>.</li>
<li>The framework gets a valid <tt>BundleContext</tt>.</li>
<li>All framework-provided services are made available (e.g., PackageAdmin, StartLevel, etc.).</li>
<li>The framework enters the <tt>Bundle.STARTING</tt> state.</li>
</ul>
<p>A call to <tt>start()</tt> is necessary to start the framework instance, if the <tt>init()</tt> method is invoked manually. Invoking <tt>init()</tt> or <tt>start()</tt> on an already started framework as no effect.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-stoppinginstance"></a></p>
<h2><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-StoppingtheFrameworkInstance"></a>Stopping the Framework Instance</h2>
<p>To stop the framework instance, invoke the <tt>stop()</tt> method, which will asynchronously stop the framework. To know when the framework has finished its shutdown sequence, use the <tt>waitForStop()</tt> method to wait until it is complete. A stopped framework will be in the <tt>Bundle.RESOLVED</tt> state. It is possible to restart the framework, using the normal combination of <tt>init()</tt>/<tt>start()</tt> methods as previously described.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-launching"></a></p>
<h1><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-LaunchingaFramework"></a>Launching a Framework</h1>
<p>Launching a framework is fairly simple and involves only four steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>Define some configuration properties.</li>
<li>Obtain framework factory.</li>
<li>Use factory to create framework with the configuration properties.</li>
<li>Invoke the <tt>Framework.start()</tt> method.</li>
</ol>
<p>In reality, the first step is optional, since all properties will
have reasonable defaults, but if you are creating a launcher you will
generally want to more than that, such as automatically installing and
starting bundles when you start the framework instance. The default
Felix launcher defines reusable functionality to automatically install
and/or start bundles upon framework startup; see the <a href="http://felix.apache.org/site/apache-felix-framework-usage-documentation.html#ApacheFelixFrameworkUsageDocumentation-configuringfelix">usage document</a> for more information on configuring the Felix framework and on the various configuration properties.</p>
<p>The remainder of this section describes how the standard Felix launcher works as well as how to create a custom launcher.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-standardlauncher"></a></p>
<h2><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-StandardFelixFrameworkLauncher"></a>Standard Felix Framework Launcher</h2>
<p>The standard Felix framework launcher is very simple and is not
intended to solve every possible requirement; it is intended to work
for most standard situations. Most special launching requirements
should be resolved by creating a custom launcher. This section
describes how the standard launcher works. The following code
represents the complete <tt>main()</tt> method of the standard launcher, each numbered comment will be described in more detail below:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-keyword">static</span> void main(<span class="code-object">String</span>[] args) <span class="code-keyword">throws</span> Exception
{
<span class="code-comment">// (1) Check <span class="code-keyword">for</span> command line arguments and verify usage.
</span> <span class="code-object">String</span> bundleDir = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-object">String</span> cacheDir = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-object">boolean</span> expectBundleDir = <span class="code-keyword">false</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">for</span> (<span class="code-object">int</span> i = 0; i &lt; args.length; i++)
{
<span class="code-keyword">if</span> (args[i].equals(BUNDLE_DIR_SWITCH))
{
expectBundleDir = <span class="code-keyword">true</span>;
}
<span class="code-keyword">else</span> <span class="code-keyword">if</span> (expectBundleDir)
{
bundleDir = args[i];
expectBundleDir = <span class="code-keyword">false</span>;
}
<span class="code-keyword">else</span>
{
cacheDir = args[i];
}
}
<span class="code-keyword">if</span> ((args.length &gt; 3) || (expectBundleDir &amp;&amp; bundleDir == <span class="code-keyword">null</span>))
{
<span class="code-object">System</span>.out.println(<span class="code-quote">"Usage: [-b &lt;bundle-deploy-dir&gt;] [&lt;bundle-cache-dir&gt;]"</span>);
<span class="code-object">System</span>.exit(0);
}
<span class="code-comment">// (2) Load system properties.
</span> Main.loadSystemProperties();
<span class="code-comment">// (3) Read configuration properties.
</span> Properties configProps = Main.loadConfigProperties();
<span class="code-keyword">if</span> (configProps == <span class="code-keyword">null</span>)
{
<span class="code-object">System</span>.err.println(<span class="code-quote">"No "</span> + CONFIG_PROPERTIES_FILE_VALUE + <span class="code-quote">" found."</span>);
configProps = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> Properties();
}
<span class="code-comment">// (4) Copy framework properties from the system properties.
</span> Main.copySystemProperties(configProps);
<span class="code-comment">// (5) Use the specified auto-deploy directory over <span class="code-keyword">default</span>.
</span> <span class="code-keyword">if</span> (bundleDir != <span class="code-keyword">null</span>)
{
configProps.setProperty(AutoProcessor.AUTO_DEPLOY_DIR_PROPERY, bundleDir);
}
<span class="code-comment">// (6) Use the specified bundle cache directory over <span class="code-keyword">default</span>.
</span> <span class="code-keyword">if</span> (cacheDir != <span class="code-keyword">null</span>)
{
configProps.setProperty(Constants.FRAMEWORK_STORAGE, cacheDir);
}
<span class="code-comment">// (7) Add a shutdown hook to clean stop the framework.
</span> <span class="code-object">String</span> enableHook = configProps.getProperty(SHUTDOWN_HOOK_PROP);
<span class="code-keyword">if</span> ((enableHook == <span class="code-keyword">null</span>) || !enableHook.equalsIgnoreCase(<span class="code-quote">"<span class="code-keyword">false</span>"</span>))
{
<span class="code-object">Runtime</span>.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(<span class="code-keyword">new</span> <span class="code-object">Thread</span>(<span class="code-quote">"Felix Shutdown Hook"</span>) {
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> void run()
{
<span class="code-keyword">try</span>
{
<span class="code-keyword">if</span> (m_fwk != <span class="code-keyword">null</span>)
{
m_fwk.stop();
m_fwk.waitForStop(0);
}
}
<span class="code-keyword">catch</span> (Exception ex)
{
<span class="code-object">System</span>.err.println(<span class="code-quote">"Error stopping framework: "</span> + ex);
}
}
});
}
<span class="code-keyword">try</span>
{
<span class="code-comment">// (8) Create an instance and initialize the framework.
</span> FrameworkFactory factory = getFrameworkFactory();
m_fwk = factory.newFramework(configProps);
m_fwk.init();
<span class="code-comment">// (9) Use the system bundle context to process the auto-deploy
</span> <span class="code-comment">// and auto-install/auto-start properties.
</span> AutoProcessor.process(configProps, m_fwk.getBundleContext());
<span class="code-comment">// (10) Start the framework.
</span> m_fwk.start();
<span class="code-comment">// (11) Wait <span class="code-keyword">for</span> framework to stop to exit the VM.
</span> m_fwk.waitForStop(0);
<span class="code-object">System</span>.exit(0);
}
<span class="code-keyword">catch</span> (Exception ex)
{
<span class="code-object">System</span>.err.println(<span class="code-quote">"Could not create framework: "</span> + ex);
ex.printStackTrace();
<span class="code-object">System</span>.exit(0);
}
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>The general steps of the standard launcher are quite straightforward:</p>
<ol>
<li>The launcher supports setting the auto-deploy directory (with the <tt>-b</tt>
switch) and setting the bundle cache path with a single argument, so
check for this and issue a usage message it there are more than one
arguments.</li>
<li>Load any system properties specified in the <tt>system.properties</tt> file; this file is typically located in the <tt>conf/</tt> directory of the Felix installation directory, but it can be specified directly using the <tt>felix.system.properties</tt>
system property. This file is not needed to launch Felix and is
provided merely for convenience when system properties must be
specified. The file is a standard Java properties file, but it also
supports property substitution using <tt>${&lt;property-name</tt>} syntax. Property substitution can be nested; only system properties will be used for substitution.</li>
<li>Load any configuration properties specified in the <tt>config.properties</tt> file; this file is typically located in the <tt>conf/</tt> directory of the Felix installation directory, but it can be specified directly using the <tt>felix.config.properties</tt>
system property. This file is used to configure the framework instance
created by the launcher. The file is a standard Java properties file,
but it also supports property substitution using "<tt>${&lt;property-name&gt;</tt>}"
syntax. Property substitution can be nested; configuration and system
properties will be used for substitution with configuration properties
having precedence.</li>
<li>For convenience, any configuration
properties that are set as system properties are copied into the set of
configuration properties. This provide an easy way to add to or
override configuration properties specified in the <tt>config.properties</tt> file, since the Felix instance will never look at system properties for configuration.</li>
<li>If the <tt>-b</tt> switch was used to specify an auto-deploy directory, then use that to set the value of <tt>felix.auto.deploy.dir</tt>.</li>
<li>If a single command-line argument is specified, then use that to set the value of <tt>org.osgi.framework.storage</tt>; relative paths are relative to the current directory unless the <tt>felix.cache.rootdir</tt> property is set.</li>
<li>Add a shutdown hook to cleanly stop the framework, unless the hook is disabled.</li>
<li>Create a framework instance using the <tt>FrameworkFactory</tt> passing in the configuration properties, then initialize the factory instance; see the <a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-customlauncher">custom launcher example</a> below to see how the META-INF/services <tt>FrameworkFactory</tt> is obtained.</li>
<li>Use <tt>org.apache.felix.main.AutoProcessor</tt>, which will automatically deploy any bundles in the auto-deploy directory as well as bundles specified in the <tt>felix.auto.install</tt> and <tt>felix.auto.start</tt>
configuration properties during framework startup to automatically
install and/or start bundles; see the usage document for more
information <a href="http://felix.apache.org/site/apache-felix-framework-usage-documentation.html#ApacheFelixFrameworkUsageDocumentation-configuringframework">configuration properties</a> and <a href="http://felix.apache.org/site/apache-felix-framework-usage-documentation.html#ApacheFelixFrameworkUsageDocumentation-autodeploy">bundle auto-deploy</a>.</li>
<li>Invoke <tt>waitForStop()</tt> to wait for the framework to stop to force the VM to exit; this is necessary because the framework never calls <tt>System.exit()</tt> and some libraries (e.g., Swing) create threads that will not allow the VM to exit.</li>
</ol>
<p>The framework is not active until the <tt>start()</tt> method is
called. If no shell bundles are installed and started or if there is
difficulty locating the shell bundles specified in the auto-start
property, then it will appear as if the framework is hung, but it is
actually running without any way to interact with it since the shell
bundles provide the only means of interaction.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-customlauncher"></a></p>
<h2><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-CustomFrameworkLauncher"></a>Custom Framework Launcher</h2>
<p>This section creates a bare-bones launcher to demonstrate the
minimum requirements for creating an interactive launcher for the Felix
framework. This example uses the standard Gogo shell bundles for
interactivity, but any other bundles could be used instead. This
example launcher project has the following directory structure:</p>
<div class="preformatted panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="preformattedContent panelContent">
<pre>launcher/
lib/
org.apache.felix.main-3.0.0.jar
bundle/
org.apache.felix.gogo.command-0.6.0.jar
org.apache.felix.gogo.runtime-0.6.0.jar
org.apache.felix.gogo.shell-0.6.0.jar
src/
example/
Main.java
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>The <tt>lib/</tt> directory contains Felix' main JAR file, which
also contains the OSGi core interfaces. The main JAR file is used so
that we can reuse the default launcher's auto-install/auto-start
configuration property handling; if these capabilities are not needed,
then it would be possible to use the framework JAR file instead of the
main JAR file. The <tt>bundle/</tt> directory contains the shell
service and textual shell interface bundles that will be used for
interacting with the framework instance. Note: If you do not launch the
framework with interactive bundles, it will appear as if the framework
instance is hung, but it is actually just sitting there waiting for
someone to tell it to do something. The <tt>src/example/</tt> directory contains the following <tt>Main.java</tt> file, which is a very simplistic framework launcher.</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">package</span> example;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> java.io.*;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.osgi.framework.launch.*;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.apache.felix.main.AutoProcessor;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> class Main
{
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> <span class="code-keyword">static</span> Framework m_fwk = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-keyword">static</span> void main(<span class="code-object">String</span>[] argv) <span class="code-keyword">throws</span> Exception
{
<span class="code-comment">// Print welcome banner.
</span> <span class="code-object">System</span>.out.println(<span class="code-quote">"\nWelcome to My Launcher"</span>);
<span class="code-object">System</span>.out.println(<span class="code-quote">"======================\n"</span>);
<span class="code-keyword">try</span>
{
m_fwk = getFrameworkFactory().newFramework(<span class="code-keyword">null</span>);
m_fwk.init()
AutoProcessor.process(<span class="code-keyword">null</span>, m_fwk.getBundleContext());
m_fwk.start();
m_fwk.waitForStop(0);
<span class="code-object">System</span>.exit(0);
}
<span class="code-keyword">catch</span> (Exception ex)
{
<span class="code-object">System</span>.err.println(<span class="code-quote">"Could not create framework: "</span> + ex);
ex.printStackTrace();
<span class="code-object">System</span>.exit(-1);
}
}
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> <span class="code-keyword">static</span> FrameworkFactory getFrameworkFactory() <span class="code-keyword">throws</span> Exception
{
URL url = Main.class.getClassLoader().getResource(
<span class="code-quote">"META-INF/services/org.osgi.framework.launch.FrameworkFactory"</span>);
<span class="code-keyword">if</span> (url != <span class="code-keyword">null</span>)
{
BufferedReader br = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> BufferedReader(<span class="code-keyword">new</span> InputStreamReader(url.openStream()));
<span class="code-keyword">try</span>
{
<span class="code-keyword">for</span> (<span class="code-object">String</span> s = br.readLine(); s != <span class="code-keyword">null</span>; s = br.readLine())
{
s = s.trim();
<span class="code-comment">// Try to load first non-empty, non-commented line.
</span> <span class="code-keyword">if</span> ((s.length() &gt; 0) &amp;&amp; (s.charAt(0) != '#'))
{
<span class="code-keyword">return</span> (FrameworkFactory) <span class="code-object">Class</span>.forName(s).newInstance();
}
}
}
<span class="code-keyword">finally</span>
{
<span class="code-keyword">if</span> (br != <span class="code-keyword">null</span>) br.close();
}
}
<span class="code-keyword">throw</span> <span class="code-keyword">new</span> Exception(<span class="code-quote">"Could not find framework factory."</span>);
}
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>This launcher relies on the default behavior of <tt>AutoProcessor</tt>
to automatically deploy the shell bundles. This simple, generic
launcher provides a good starting point if the default Felix launcher
is not sufficient. Since very few configuration properties are
specified, the default values are used. For the bundle auto-deploy
directory, "<tt>bundle</tt>" in the current directory is used, while for the framework bundle cache, "<tt>felix-cache</tt>" in the current directory is used.</p>
<p>By breaking down the above source code into small chunks, it is quite easy to see what is going on.</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"> m_fwk = getFrameworkFactory().newFramework(<span class="code-keyword">null</span>);
m_fwk.init()
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>These steps get a the framework factory service and use it to create
a framework instance with a default configuration. Once the framework
instance is created, it is initialized with <tt>init()</tt>.</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"> AutoProcessor.process(<span class="code-keyword">null</span>, m_fwk.getBundleContext());
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>The <tt>AutorProcessor</tt> will automatically deploy bundles in the
auto-deploy directory and any referenced from the auto-install/start
properties. Since we are using an empty configuration, the auto-deploy
directory is the <tt>bundle</tt> directory in the current directory
and there are no auto properties. Therefore, in this case, the shell
bundles will be installed.</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"> m_fwk.start();
m_fwk.waitForStop(0);
<span class="code-object">System</span>.exit(0);
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>These final steps start the framework and cause the launching
application thread to wait for the framework to stop and when it does
the launching thread calls <tt>System.exit()</tt> to make sure the VM actually exits.</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"> <span class="code-keyword">private</span> <span class="code-keyword">static</span> FrameworkFactory getFrameworkFactory() <span class="code-keyword">throws</span> Exception
{
...
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>This method retrieves the framework factory service by doing a
META-INF/services resource lookup, which it can use to obtain the
concrete class name for the factory. If you are using Java 6, then you
can use the <tt>ServiceLoader</tt> API in the JRE to further simplify the factory service lookup.</p>
<p>The following command compiles the launcher when run from the root directory of the launcher project:</p>
<div class="preformatted panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="preformattedContent panelContent">
<pre>javac -d . -classpath lib/org.apache.felix.main-3.0.0.jar src/example/Main.java
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>After executing this command, an <tt>example/</tt> directory is
created in the current directory, which contains the generated class
file. The following command executes the simple launcher when run from
the root directory of the launcher project:</p>
<div class="preformatted panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="preformattedContent panelContent">
<pre>java -cp .:lib/org.apache.felix.main-3.0.0.jar example.Main
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>After executing this command, a "<tt>felix-cache/</tt>" directory is created that contains the cached bundles, which were installed from the <tt>bundle/</tt> directory.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-embedding"></a></p>
<h1><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-EmbeddingtheFelixFramework"></a>Embedding the Felix Framework</h1>
<p>Embedding the Felix framework into a host application is a simple
way to provide a sophisticated extensibility mechanism (i.e., a plugin
system) to the host application. Embedding the Felix framework is very
similar to launching it as described above, the main difference is that
the host application typically wants to interact with the framework
instance and/or installed bundles/services from the outside. This is
fairly easy to achieve, but there are some subtle issues to understand.
This section presents the mechanisms for embedding Felix into a host
application and the issues in doing so.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-hostinteraction"></a></p>
<h2><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-Host/FelixInteraction"></a>Host/Felix Interaction</h2>
<p>In the section on <a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-launching">launching</a> the framework above, the <tt>Felix</tt> class accepts a configuration property called <tt>felix.systembundle.activators</tt>,
which is a list of bundle activator instances. These bundle activator
instances provide a convenient way for host applications to interact
with the Felix framework.</p>
<div class="panelMacro"><table class="warningMacro"><colgroup><col width="24"><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td valign="top"><img src="apache-felix-framework-launching-and-embedding_files/forbidden.gif" alt="" align="absmiddle" border="0" height="16" width="16"></td><td><b>WARNING</b><br>The <tt>felix.systembundle.activators</tt>
configuration property is specific to the Felix framework
implementation. If you want your code to work with other framework
implementations, you should call <tt>init()</tt> on the framework instance and use <tt>getBundleContext()</tt> directly. Otherwise, the approach would be very similar.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>Each activator instance passed into the constructor effectively becomes part of the system bundle. This means that the <tt>start()</tt>/<tt>stop()</tt> methods of each activator instance in the list gets invoked when the system bundle's activator <tt>start()</tt>/<tt>stop()</tt> methods gets invoked, respectively. Each activator instance will be given the system bundle's <tt>BundleContext</tt> object so that they can interact with the framework. Consider following snippet of a bundle activator:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">public</span> class HostActivator <span class="code-keyword">implements</span> BundleActivator
{
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> BundleContext m_context = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> void start(BundleContext context)
{
m_context = context;
}
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> void stop(BundleContext context)
{
m_context = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
}
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> Bundle[] getBundles()
{
<span class="code-keyword">if</span> (m_context != <span class="code-keyword">null</span>)
{
<span class="code-keyword">return</span> m_context.getBundles();
}
<span class="code-keyword">return</span> <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
}
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>Given the above bundle activator, it is now possible to embed the
Felix framework into a host application and interact with it as the
following snippet illustrates:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">public</span> class HostApplication
{
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> HostActivator m_activator = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> Felix m_felix = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> HostApplication()
{
<span class="code-comment">// Create a configuration property map.
</span> Map config = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> HashMap();
<span class="code-comment">// Create host activator;
</span> m_activator = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> HostActivator();
List list = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> ArrayList();
list.add(m_activator);
configMap.put(FelixConstants.SYSTEMBUNDLE_ACTIVATORS_PROP, list);
<span class="code-keyword">try</span>
{
<span class="code-comment">// Now create an instance of the framework with
</span> <span class="code-comment">// our configuration properties.
</span> m_felix = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> Felix(config);
<span class="code-comment">// Now start Felix instance.
</span> m_felix.start();
}
<span class="code-keyword">catch</span> (Exception ex)
{
<span class="code-object">System</span>.err.println(<span class="code-quote">"Could not create framework: "</span> + ex);
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> Bundle[] getInstalledBundles()
{
<span class="code-comment">// Use the system bundle activator to gain external
</span> <span class="code-comment">// access to the set of installed bundles.
</span> <span class="code-keyword">return</span> m_activator.getBundles();
}
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> void shutdownApplication()
{
<span class="code-comment">// Shut down the felix framework when stopping the
</span> <span class="code-comment">// host application.
</span> m_felix.stop();
m_felix.waitForStop(0);
}
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>Notice how the <tt>HostApplication.getInstalledBundles()</tt> method
uses its activator instance to get access to the system bundle's
context in order to interact with the embedded Felix framework
instance. This approach provides the foundation for all interaction
between the host application and the embedded framework instance.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-hostservices"></a></p>
<h2><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-ProvidingHostApplicationServices"></a>Providing Host Application Services</h2>
<p>Providing services from the host application to bundles inside the
embedded Felix framework instance follows the basic approach laid out
in <a href="#ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-hostinteraction">above</a>.
The main complication for providing a host application service to
bundles is the fact that both the host application and the bundles must
be using the same class definitions for the service interface classes.
Since the host application cannot import classes from a bundle, this
means that the service interface classes <b>must</b> be accessible on
the class path, typically as part of the host application itself. The
host application then must export the service interface package via the
system bundle so that bundles installed into the embedded framework
instance can import it. This is achieved using the <tt>org.osgi.framework.system.packages.extra</tt> configuration property previously presented.</p>
<p>Consider the follow simple property lookup service:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">package</span> host.service.lookup;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-keyword">interface</span> Lookup
{
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-object">Object</span> lookup(<span class="code-object">String</span> name);
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>This package is simply part of the host application, which is potentially packaged into a JAR file and started with the "<tt>java -jar</tt>"
command. Now consider the following host application bundle activator,
which will be used to register/unregister the property lookup service
when the embedded framework instance starts/stops:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">package</span> host.core;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> java.util.Map;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.osgi.framework.BundleActivator;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.osgi.framework.BundleContext;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.osgi.framework.ServiceRegistration;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> host.service.lookup;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> class HostActivator <span class="code-keyword">implements</span> BundleActivator
{
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> Map m_lookupMap = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> BundleContext m_context = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> ServiceRegistration m_registration = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> HostActivator(Map lookupMap)
{
<span class="code-comment">// Save a reference to the service's backing store.
</span> m_lookupMap = lookupMap;
}
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> void start(BundleContext context)
{
<span class="code-comment">// Save a reference to the bundle context.
</span> m_context = context;
<span class="code-comment">// Create a property lookup service implementation.
</span> Lookup lookup = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> Lookup() {
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-object">Object</span> lookup(<span class="code-object">String</span> name)
{
<span class="code-keyword">return</span> m_lookupMap.get(name);
}
};
<span class="code-comment">// Register the property lookup service and save
</span> <span class="code-comment">// the service registration.
</span> m_registration = m_context.registerService(
Lookup.class.getName(), lookup, <span class="code-keyword">null</span>);
}
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> void stop(BundleContext context)
{
<span class="code-comment">// Unregister the property lookup service.
</span> m_registration.unregister();
m_context = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
}
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>Given the above host application bundle activator, the following
code snippet shows how the host application could create an embedded
version of the Felix framework and provide the property lookup service
to installed bundles:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">package</span> host.core;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> java.util.List;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> java.util.ArrayList;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> java.util.Map;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> java.util.HashMap;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> host.service.lookup.Lookup;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.apache.felix.framework.Felix;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.apache.felix.framework.util.FelixConstants;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.osgi.framework.Constants;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> class HostApplication
{
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> HostActivator m_activator = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> Felix m_felix = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> Map m_lookupMap = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> HashMap();
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> HostApplication()
{
<span class="code-comment">// Initialize the map <span class="code-keyword">for</span> the property lookup service.
</span> m_lookupMap.put(<span class="code-quote">"name1"</span>, <span class="code-quote">"value1"</span>);
m_lookupMap.put(<span class="code-quote">"name2"</span>, <span class="code-quote">"value2"</span>);
m_lookupMap.put(<span class="code-quote">"name3"</span>, <span class="code-quote">"value3"</span>);
m_lookupMap.put(<span class="code-quote">"name4"</span>, <span class="code-quote">"value4"</span>);
<span class="code-comment">// Create a configuration property map.
</span> Map configMap = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> HashMap();
<span class="code-comment">// Export the host provided service <span class="code-keyword">interface</span> <span class="code-keyword">package</span>.
</span> configMap.put(Constants.FRAMEWORK_SYSTEMPACKAGES_EXTRA,
<span class="code-quote">"host.service.lookup; version=1.0.0"</span>);
<span class="code-comment">// Create host activator;
</span> m_activator = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> HostActivator(m_lookupMap);
List list = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> ArrayList();
list.add(m_activator);
configMap.put(FelixConstants.SYSTEMBUNDLE_ACTIVATORS_PROP, list);
<span class="code-keyword">try</span>
{
<span class="code-comment">// Now create an instance of the framework with
</span> <span class="code-comment">// our configuration properties.
</span> m_felix = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> Felix(configMap);
<span class="code-comment">// Now start Felix instance.
</span> m_felix.start();
}
<span class="code-keyword">catch</span> (Exception ex)
{
<span class="code-object">System</span>.err.println(<span class="code-quote">"Could not create framework: "</span> + ex);
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> void shutdownApplication()
{
<span class="code-comment">// Shut down the felix framework when stopping the
</span> <span class="code-comment">// host application.
</span> m_felix.stop();
m_felix.waitForStop(0);
}
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>Rather than having the host application bundle activator register
the service, it is also possible for the the host application to simply
get the bundle context from the bundle activator and register the
service directly, but the presented approach is perhaps a little
cleaner since it allows the host application to register/unregister the
service when the system bundle starts/stops.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-hostserviceusage"></a></p>
<h2><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-UsingServicesProvidedbyBundles"></a>Using Services Provided by Bundles</h2>
<p>Using services provided by bundles follows the same general approach
of using a host application bundle activator. The main complication for
the host application using a service from a bundle is the fact that
both the host application and the bundle must be using the same class
definitions for the service interface classes. Since the host
application cannot import classes from a bundle, this means that the
service interface classes <b>must</b> be accessible on the class path,
typically as part of the host application itself. The host application
then must export the service interface package via the system bundle so
that bundles installed into the embedded framework instance can import
it. This is achieved using the <tt>org.osgi.framework.system.packages.extra</tt> configuration property previously presented.</p>
<p>Consider the following simple command service interface for which
bundles provide implementations, such as might be used to create an
extensible interactive shell:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">package</span> host.service.command;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> class Command
{
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-object">String</span> getName();
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-object">String</span> getDescription();
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-object">boolean</span> execute(<span class="code-object">String</span> commandline);
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>This package is simply part of the host application, which is potentially packaged into a JAR file and started with the "<tt>java -jar</tt>"
command. Now consider the previously introduced host application bundle
activator below, which simply provides access to the system bundle
context:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">package</span> host.core;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.osgi.framework.BundleActivator;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.osgi.framework.BundleContext;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> class HostActivator <span class="code-keyword">implements</span> BundleActivator
{
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> BundleContext m_context = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> void start(BundleContext context)
{
m_context = context;
}
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> void stop(BundleContext context)
{
m_context = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
}
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> BundleContext getContext()
{
<span class="code-keyword">return</span> m_context;
}
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>With this bundle activator, the host application can use command
services provided by bundles installed inside its embedded Felix
framework instance. The following code snippet illustrates one possible
approach:</p>
<div class="code panel" style="border-width: 1px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent">
<pre class="code-java"><span class="code-keyword">package</span> host.core;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> java.util.List;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> java.util.ArrayList;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> java.util.Map;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> host.service.command.Command;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.apache.felix.framework.Felix;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.apache.felix.framework.util.FelixConstants;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.apache.felix.framework.cache.BundleCache;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.osgi.framework.Constants;
<span class="code-keyword">import</span> org.osgi.util.tracker.ServiceTracker;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> class HostApplication
{
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> HostActivator m_activator = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> Felix m_felix = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">private</span> ServiceTracker m_tracker = <span class="code-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> HostApplication()
{
<span class="code-comment">// Create a configuration property map.
</span> Map configMap = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> HashMap();
<span class="code-comment">// Export the host provided service <span class="code-keyword">interface</span> <span class="code-keyword">package</span>.
</span> configMap.put(Constants.FRAMEWORK_SYSTEMPACKAGES_EXTRA,
<span class="code-quote">"host.service.command; version=1.0.0"</span>);
<span class="code-comment">// Create host activator;
</span> m_activator = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> HostActivator();
List list = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> ArrayList();
list.add(m_activator);
configMap.put(FelixConstants.SYSTEMBUNDLE_ACTIVATORS_PROP, list);
<span class="code-keyword">try</span>
{
<span class="code-comment">// Now create an instance of the framework with
</span> <span class="code-comment">// our configuration properties.
</span> m_felix = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> Felix(configMap);
<span class="code-comment">// Now start Felix instance.
</span> m_felix.start();
}
<span class="code-keyword">catch</span> (Exception ex)
{
<span class="code-object">System</span>.err.println(<span class="code-quote">"Could not create framework: "</span> + ex);
ex.printStackTrace();
}
m_tracker = <span class="code-keyword">new</span> ServiceTracker(
m_activator.getContext(), Command.class.getName(), <span class="code-keyword">null</span>);
m_tracker.open();
}
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> <span class="code-object">boolean</span> execute(<span class="code-object">String</span> name, <span class="code-object">String</span> commandline)
{
<span class="code-comment">// See <span class="code-keyword">if</span> any of the currently tracked command services
</span> <span class="code-comment">// match the specified command name, <span class="code-keyword">if</span> so then execute it.
</span> <span class="code-object">Object</span>[] services = m_tracker.getServices();
<span class="code-keyword">for</span> (<span class="code-object">int</span> i = 0; (services != <span class="code-keyword">null</span>) &amp;&amp; (i &lt; services.length); i++)
{
<span class="code-keyword">try</span>
{
<span class="code-keyword">if</span> (((Command) services[i]).getName().equals(name))
{
<span class="code-keyword">return</span> ((Command) services[i]).execute(commandline);
}
}
<span class="code-keyword">catch</span> (Exception ex)
{
<span class="code-comment">// Since the services returned by the tracker could become
</span> <span class="code-comment">// invalid at any moment, we will <span class="code-keyword">catch</span> all exceptions, log
</span> <span class="code-comment">// a message, and then ignore faulty services.
</span> <span class="code-object">System</span>.err.println(ex);
}
}
<span class="code-keyword">return</span> <span class="code-keyword">false</span>;
}
<span class="code-keyword">public</span> void shutdownApplication()
{
<span class="code-comment">// Shut down the felix framework when stopping the
</span> <span class="code-comment">// host application.
</span> m_felix.stop();
m_felix.waitForStop(0);
}
}
</pre>
</div></div>
<p>The above example is overly simplistic with respect to concurrency
issues and error conditions, but it demonstrates the overall approach
for using bundle-provided services from the host application.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-servicereflection"></a></p>
<h3><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-UsingBundleServicesviaReflection"></a>Using Bundle Services via Reflection</h3>
<p>It possible for the host application to use services provided by
bundles without having access to the service interface classes and thus
not needing to put the service interface classes on the class path. To
do this, the host application uses the same general approach to acquire
the system bundle context object, which it can use to look up service
objects. Using either an LDAP filter or the service interface class
name, the host application can retrieve the service object and then use
standard Java reflection to invoke methods on the service object.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-serviceother"></a></p>
<h3><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-OtherApproaches"></a>Other Approaches</h3>
<p>The <a href="http://code.google.com/p/transloader/" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">Transloader</a> project is another attempt at dealing with issues of classes loaded from different class loaders and may be of interest.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-caveat"></a></p>
<h1><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-Caveat"></a>Caveat</h1>
<p>The code in this document has not been thoroughly tested nor even
compiled and may be out of date with respect to the current Felix
source code. If you find errors please report them so the that they can
be corrected.</p>
<p><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-feedback"></a></p>
<h2><a name="ApacheFelixFrameworkLaunchingandEmbedding-Feedback"></a>Feedback</h2>
<p>Subscribe to the Felix users mailing list by sending a message to <a href="mailto:users-subscribe@felix.apache.org" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">users-subscribe@felix.apache.org</a>; after subscribing, email questions or feedback to <a href="mailto:users@felix.apache.org" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">users@felix.apache.org</a>.</p>
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