TestON/drivers/common/cli/onosclidriver.py

#!/usr/bin/env python

"""
This driver enters the onos> prompt to issue commands.

Please follow the coding style demonstrated by existing
functions and document properly.

If you are a contributor to the driver, please
list your email here for future contact:

jhall@onlab.us
andrew@onlab.us
shreya@onlab.us

OCT 13 2014

"""
import sys
import pexpect
import re
import json
import types
import time
sys.path.append( "../" )
from drivers.common.clidriver import CLI


class OnosCliDriver( CLI ):

    def __init__( self ):
        """
        Initialize client
        """
        self.name = None
        self.home = None
        self.handle = None
        super( CLI, self ).__init__()

    def connect( self, **connectargs ):
        """
        Creates ssh handle for ONOS cli.
        """
        try:
            for key in connectargs:
                vars( self )[ key ] = connectargs[ key ]
            self.home = "~/onos"
            for key in self.options:
                if key == "home":
                    self.home = self.options[ 'home' ]
                    break
            if self.home is None or self.home == "":
                self.home = "~/onos"

            self.name = self.options[ 'name' ]
            self.handle = super( OnosCliDriver, self ).connect(
                user_name=self.user_name,
                ip_address=self.ip_address,
                port=self.port,
                pwd=self.pwd,
                home=self.home )

            self.handle.sendline( "cd " + self.home )
            self.handle.expect( "\$" )
            if self.handle:
                return self.handle
            else:
                main.log.info( "NO ONOS HANDLE" )
                return main.FALSE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def disconnect( self ):
        """
        Called when Test is complete to disconnect the ONOS handle.
        """
        response = main.TRUE
        try:
            if self.handle:
                i = self.logout()
                if i == main.TRUE:
                    self.handle.sendline( "" )
                    self.handle.expect( "\$" )
                    self.handle.sendline( "exit" )
                    self.handle.expect( "closed" )
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            response = main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":     " + self.handle.before )
        except ValueError:
            main.log.exception( "Exception in disconnect of " + self.name )
            response = main.TRUE
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Connection failed to the host" )
            response = main.FALSE
        return response

    def logout( self ):
        """
        Sends 'logout' command to ONOS cli
        Returns main.TRUE if exited CLI and
                main.FALSE on timeout (not guranteed you are disconnected)
                None on TypeError
                Exits test on unknown error or pexpect exits unexpectedly
        """
        try:
            if self.handle:
                self.handle.sendline( "" )
                i = self.handle.expect( [ "onos>", "\$", pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                        timeout=10 )
                if i == 0:  # In ONOS CLI
                    self.handle.sendline( "logout" )
                    self.handle.expect( "\$" )
                    return main.TRUE
                elif i == 1:  # not in CLI
                    return main.TRUE
                elif i == 3:  # Timeout
                    return main.FALSE
            else:
                return main.TRUE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": eof exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except ValueError:
            main.log.error( self.name +
                            "ValueError exception in logout method" )
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def setCell( self, cellname ):
        """
        Calls 'cell <name>' to set the environment variables on ONOSbench

        Before issuing any cli commands, set the environment variable first.
        """
        try:
            if not cellname:
                main.log.error( "Must define cellname" )
                main.cleanup()
                main.exit()
            else:
                self.handle.sendline( "cell " + str( cellname ) )
                # Expect the cellname in the ONOSCELL variable.
                # Note that this variable name is subject to change
                #   and that this driver will have to change accordingly
                self.handle.expect(str(cellname))
                handleBefore = self.handle.before
                handleAfter = self.handle.after
                # Get the rest of the handle
                self.handle.sendline("")
                self.handle.expect("\$")
                handleMore = self.handle.before

                main.log.info( "Cell call returned: " + handleBefore +
                               handleAfter + handleMore )

                return main.TRUE

        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": eof exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def startOnosCli( self, ONOSIp, karafTimeout="" ):
        """
        karafTimeout is an optional argument. karafTimeout value passed
        by user would be used to set the current karaf shell idle timeout.
        Note that when ever this property is modified the shell will exit and
        the subsequent login would reflect new idle timeout.
        Below is an example to start a session with 60 seconds idle timeout
        ( input value is in milliseconds ):

        tValue = "60000"
        main.ONOScli1.startOnosCli( ONOSIp, karafTimeout=tValue )

        Note: karafTimeout is left as str so that this could be read
        and passed to startOnosCli from PARAMS file as str.
        """
        try:
            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            x = self.handle.expect( [
                "\$", "onos>" ], timeout=10 )

            if x == 1:
                main.log.info( "ONOS cli is already running" )
                return main.TRUE

            # Wait for onos start ( -w ) and enter onos cli
            self.handle.sendline( "onos -w " + str( ONOSIp ) )
            i = self.handle.expect( [
                "onos>",
                pexpect.TIMEOUT ], timeout=60 )

            if i == 0:
                main.log.info( str( ONOSIp ) + " CLI Started successfully" )
                if karafTimeout:
                    self.handle.sendline(
                        "config:property-set -p org.apache.karaf.shell\
                                 sshIdleTimeout " +
                        karafTimeout )
                    self.handle.expect( "\$" )
                    self.handle.sendline( "onos -w " + str( ONOSIp ) )
                    self.handle.expect( "onos>" )
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                # If failed, send ctrl+c to process and try again
                main.log.info( "Starting CLI failed. Retrying..." )
                self.handle.send( "\x03" )
                self.handle.sendline( "onos -w " + str( ONOSIp ) )
                i = self.handle.expect( [ "onos>", pexpect.TIMEOUT ],
                                        timeout=30 )
                if i == 0:
                    main.log.info( str( ONOSIp ) + " CLI Started " +
                                   "successfully after retry attempt" )
                    if karafTimeout:
                        self.handle.sendline(
                            "config:property-set -p org.apache.karaf.shell\
                                    sshIdleTimeout " +
                            karafTimeout )
                        self.handle.expect( "\$" )
                        self.handle.sendline( "onos -w " + str( ONOSIp ) )
                        self.handle.expect( "onos>" )
                    return main.TRUE
                else:
                    main.log.error( "Connection to CLI " +
                                    str( ONOSIp ) + " timeout" )
                    return main.FALSE

        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def log( self, cmdStr, level="" ):
        """
            log  the commands in the onos CLI.
            returns main.TRUE on success
            returns main.FALSE if Error occurred
            Available level: DEBUG, TRACE, INFO, WARN, ERROR
            Level defaults to INFO
        """
        try:
            lvlStr = ""
            if level:
                lvlStr = "--level=" + level

            self.handle.sendline( "" )
            self.handle.expect( "onos>" )
            self.handle.sendline( "log:log " + lvlStr + " " + cmdStr )
            self.handle.expect( "onos>" )

            response = self.handle.before
            if re.search( "Error", response ):
                return main.FALSE
            return main.TRUE

        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def sendline( self, cmdStr ):
        """
        Send a completely user specified string to
        the onos> prompt. Use this function if you have
        a very specific command to send.

        Warning: There are no sanity checking to commands
        sent using this method.
        """
        try:
            logStr = "\"Sending CLI command: '" + cmdStr + "'\""
            self.log( logStr )
            self.handle.sendline( cmdStr )
            i = self.handle.expect( ["onos>", "\$", pexpect.TIMEOUT] )
            response = self.handle.before
            if i == 2:
                self.handle.sendline()
                self.handle.expect( "\$" )
                response += self.handle.before
                print response
                try:
                    print self.handle.after
                except TypeError:
                    pass
            # TODO: do something with i
            main.log.info( "Command '" + str( cmdStr ) + "' sent to "
                           + self.name + "." )
            # Remove control strings from output
            ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\x1b[^m]*m' )
            response = ansiEscape.sub( '', response )
            # Remove extra return chars that get added
            response = re.sub(  r"\s\r", "", response )
            response = response.strip()
            # parse for just the output, remove the cmd from response
            output = response.split( cmdStr, 1 )[1]
            return output
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    # IMPORTANT NOTE:
    # For all cli commands, naming convention should match
    # the cli command changing 'a:b' with 'aB'.
    # Ex ) onos:topology > onosTopology
    #    onos:links    > onosLinks
    #    feature:list  > featureList

    def addNode( self, nodeId, ONOSIp, tcpPort="" ):
        """
        Adds a new cluster node by ID and address information.
        Required:
            * nodeId
            * ONOSIp
        Optional:
            * tcpPort
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "add-node " + str( nodeId ) + " " +\
                str( ONOSIp ) + " " + str( tcpPort )
            handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            if re.search( "Error", handle ):
                main.log.error( "Error in adding node" )
                main.log.error( handle )
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                main.log.info( "Node " + str( ONOSIp ) + " added" )
                return main.TRUE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def removeNode( self, nodeId ):
        """
        Removes a cluster by ID
        Issues command: 'remove-node [<node-id>]'
        Required:
            * nodeId
        """
        try:

            cmdStr = "remove-node " + str( nodeId )
            self.sendline( cmdStr )
            # TODO: add error checking. Does ONOS give any errors?

            return main.TRUE

        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def nodes( self, jsonFormat=True):
        """
        List the nodes currently visible
        Issues command: 'nodes'
        Optional argument:
            * jsonFormat - boolean indicating if you want output in json
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "nodes -j"
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                parsedOutput = ansiEscape.sub( '', output )
                return parsedOutput
            else:
                cmdStr = "nodes"
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                return output
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def topology( self ):
        """
        Definition:
            Returns the ouput of topology command.
        Return:
            topology = current ONOS topology
        """
        try:
            # either onos:topology or 'topology' will work in CLI
            cmdStr = "topology -j"
            handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            main.log.info( "topology -j returned: " + str( handle ) )
            return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def featureInstall( self, featureStr ):
        """
        Installs a specified feature
        by issuing command: 'onos> feature:install <feature_str>'
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "feature:install " + str( featureStr )
            self.sendline( cmdStr )
            # TODO: Check for possible error responses from karaf
            return main.TRUE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.log.report( "Failed to install feature" )
            main.log.report( "Exiting test" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.log.report( "Failed to install feature" )
            main.log.report( "Exiting test" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def featureUninstall( self, featureStr ):
        """
        Uninstalls a specified feature
        by issuing command: 'onos> feature:uninstall <feature_str>'
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = 'feature:list -i | grep "' + featureStr + '"'
            handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            if handle != '':
                cmdStr = "feature:uninstall " + str( featureStr )
                self.sendline( cmdStr )
                # TODO: Check for possible error responses from karaf
            else:
                main.log.info( "Feature needs to be installed before " +
                               "uninstalling it" )
            return main.TRUE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def deviceRemove( self, deviceId ):
        """
        Removes particular device from storage

        TODO: refactor this function
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "device-remove "+str(deviceId)
            self.sendline( cmdStr )
            return main.TRUE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def devices( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Lists all infrastructure devices or switches
        Optional argument:
            * jsonFormat - boolean indicating if you want output in json
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "devices -j"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                """
                handle variable here contains some ANSI escape color code
                sequences at the end which are invisible in the print command
                output. To make that escape sequence visible, use repr()
                function. The repr( handle ) output when printed shows the
                ANSI escape sequences. In json.loads( somestring ), this
                somestring variable is actually repr( somestring ) and
                json.loads would fail with the escape sequence. So we take off
                that escape sequence using:

                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                """
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                return handle1
            else:
                cmdStr = "devices"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def balanceMasters( self ):
        """
        This balances the devices across all controllers
        by issuing command: 'onos> onos:balance-masters'
        If required this could be extended to return devices balanced output.
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "onos:balance-masters"
            self.sendline( cmdStr )
            # TODO: Check for error responses from ONOS
            return main.TRUE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def links( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Lists all core links
        Optional argument:
            * jsonFormat - boolean indicating if you want output in json
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "links -j"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                """
                handle variable here contains some ANSI escape color code
                sequences at the end which are invisible in the print command
                output. To make that escape sequence visible, use repr()
                function. The repr( handle ) output when printed shows the ANSI
                escape sequences. In json.loads( somestring ), this somestring
                variable is actually repr( somestring ) and json.loads would
                fail with the escape sequence. So we take off that escape
                sequence using:

                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                """
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                return handle1
            else:
                cmdStr = "links"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def ports( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Lists all ports
        Optional argument:
            * jsonFormat - boolean indicating if you want output in json
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "ports -j"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                """
                handle variable here contains some ANSI escape color code
                sequences at the end which are invisible in the print command
                output. To make that escape sequence visible, use repr()
                function. The repr( handle ) output when printed shows the ANSI
                escape sequences. In json.loads( somestring ), this somestring
                variable is actually repr( somestring ) and json.loads would
                fail with the escape sequence. So we take off that escape
                sequence using the following commands:

                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                """
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                return handle1

            else:
                cmdStr = "ports"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def roles( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Lists all devices and the controllers with roles assigned to them
        Optional argument:
            * jsonFormat - boolean indicating if you want output in json
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "roles -j"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                """
                handle variable here contains some ANSI escape color code
                sequences at the end which are invisible in the print command
                output. To make that escape sequence visible, use repr()
                function. The repr( handle ) output when printed shows the ANSI
                escape sequences. In json.loads( somestring ), this somestring
                variable is actually repr( somestring ) and json.loads would
                fail with the escape sequence.

                So we take off that escape sequence using the following
                commads:

                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                """
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                return handle1

            else:
                cmdStr = "roles"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getRole( self, deviceId ):
        """
        Given the a string containing the json representation of the "roles"
        cli command and a partial or whole device id, returns a json object
        containing the roles output for the first device whose id contains
        "device_id"

        Returns:
        A dict of the role assignments for the given device or
        None if no match
        """
        try:
            if deviceId is None:
                return None
            else:
                rawRoles = self.roles()
                rolesJson = json.loads( rawRoles )
                # search json for the device with id then return the device
                for device in rolesJson:
                    # print device
                    if str( deviceId ) in device[ 'id' ]:
                        return device
            return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def rolesNotNull( self ):
        """
        Iterates through each device and checks if there is a master assigned
        Returns: main.TRUE if each device has a master
                 main.FALSE any device has no master
        """
        try:
            rawRoles = self.roles()
            rolesJson = json.loads( rawRoles )
            # search json for the device with id then return the device
            for device in rolesJson:
                # print device
                if device[ 'master' ] == "none":
                    main.log.warn( "Device has no master: " + str( device ) )
                    return main.FALSE
            return main.TRUE

        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def paths( self, srcId, dstId ):
        """
        Returns string of paths, and the cost.
        Issues command: onos:paths <src> <dst>
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "onos:paths " + str( srcId ) + " " + str( dstId )
            handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            if re.search( "Error", handle ):
                main.log.error( "Error in getting paths" )
                return ( handle, "Error" )
            else:
                path = handle.split( ";" )[ 0 ]
                cost = handle.split( ";" )[ 1 ]
                return ( path, cost )
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return ( handle, "Error" )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def hosts( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Lists all discovered hosts
        Optional argument:
            * jsonFormat - boolean indicating if you want output in json
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "hosts -j"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                """
                handle variable here contains some ANSI escape color code
                sequences at the end which are invisible in the print command
                output. To make that escape sequence visible, use repr()
                function. The repr( handle ) output when printed shows the ANSI
                escape sequences. In json.loads( somestring ), this somestring
                variable is actually repr( somestring ) and json.loads would
                fail with the escape sequence. So we take off that escape
                sequence using:

                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                """
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                return handle1
            else:
                cmdStr = "hosts"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getHost( self, mac ):
        """
        Return the first host from the hosts api whose 'id' contains 'mac'

        Note: mac must be a colon separated mac address, but could be a
              partial mac address

        Return None if there is no match
        """
        try:
            if mac is None:
                return None
            else:
                mac = mac
                rawHosts = self.hosts()
                hostsJson = json.loads( rawHosts )
                # search json for the host with mac then return the device
                for host in hostsJson:
                    # print "%s in  %s?" % ( mac, host[ 'id' ] )
                    if not host:
                        pass
                    elif mac in host[ 'id' ]:
                        return host
            return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getHostsId( self, hostList ):
        """
        Obtain list of hosts
        Issues command: 'onos> hosts'

        Required:
            * hostList: List of hosts obtained by Mininet
        IMPORTANT:
            This function assumes that you started your
            topology with the option '--mac'.
            Furthermore, it assumes that value of VLAN is '-1'
        Description:
            Converts mininet hosts ( h1, h2, h3... ) into
            ONOS format ( 00:00:00:00:00:01/-1 , ... )
        """
        try:
            onosHostList = []

            for host in hostList:
                host = host.replace( "h", "" )
                hostHex = hex( int( host ) ).zfill( 12 )
                hostHex = str( hostHex ).replace( 'x', '0' )
                i = iter( str( hostHex ) )
                hostHex = ":".join( a + b for a, b in zip( i, i ) )
                hostHex = hostHex + "/-1"
                onosHostList.append( hostHex )

            return onosHostList

        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def addHostIntent( self, hostIdOne, hostIdTwo ):
        """
        Required:
            * hostIdOne: ONOS host id for host1
            * hostIdTwo: ONOS host id for host2
        Description:
            Adds a host-to-host intent ( bidirectional ) by
            specifying the two hosts.
        Returns:
            A string of the intent id or None on Error
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "add-host-intent " + str( hostIdOne ) +\
                " " + str( hostIdTwo )
            handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            if re.search( "Error", handle ):
                main.log.error( "Error in adding Host intent" )
                main.log.debug( "Response from ONOS was: " + repr( handle ) )
                return None
            else:
                main.log.info( "Host intent installed between " +
                               str( hostIdOne ) + " and " + str( hostIdTwo ) )
                match = re.search('id=0x([\da-f]+),', handle)
                if match:
                    return match.group()[3:-1]
                else:
                    main.log.error( "Error, intent ID not found" )
                    main.log.debug( "Response from ONOS was: " +
                                    repr( handle ) )
                    return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def addOpticalIntent( self, ingressDevice, egressDevice ):
        """
        Required:
            * ingressDevice: device id of ingress device
            * egressDevice: device id of egress device
        Optional:
            TODO: Still needs to be implemented via dev side
        Description:
            Adds an optical intent by specifying an ingress and egress device
        Returns:
            A string of the intent id or None on error
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "add-optical-intent " + str( ingressDevice ) +\
                " " + str( egressDevice )
            handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            # If error, return error message
            if re.search( "Error", handle ):
                main.log.error( "Error in adding Optical intent" )
                return None
            else:
                main.log.info( "Optical intent installed between " +
                               str( ingressDevice ) + " and " +
                               str( egressDevice ) )
                match = re.search('id=0x([\da-f]+),', handle)
                if match:
                    return match.group()[3:-1]
                else:
                    main.log.error( "Error, intent ID not found" )
                    return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def addPointIntent(
            self,
            ingressDevice,
            egressDevice,
            portIngress="",
            portEgress="",
            ethType="",
            ethSrc="",
            ethDst="",
            bandwidth="",
            lambdaAlloc=False,
            ipProto="",
            ipSrc="",
            ipDst="",
            tcpSrc="",
            tcpDst="" ):
        """
        Required:
            * ingressDevice: device id of ingress device
            * egressDevice: device id of egress device
        Optional:
            * ethType: specify ethType
            * ethSrc: specify ethSrc ( i.e. src mac addr )
            * ethDst: specify ethDst ( i.e. dst mac addr )
            * bandwidth: specify bandwidth capacity of link
            * lambdaAlloc: if True, intent will allocate lambda
              for the specified intent
            * ipProto: specify ip protocol
            * ipSrc: specify ip source address
            * ipDst: specify ip destination address
            * tcpSrc: specify tcp source port
            * tcpDst: specify tcp destination port
        Description:
            Adds a point-to-point intent ( uni-directional ) by
            specifying device id's and optional fields
        Returns:
            A string of the intent id or None on error

        NOTE: This function may change depending on the
              options developers provide for point-to-point
              intent via cli
        """
        try:
            # If there are no optional arguments
            if not ethType and not ethSrc and not ethDst\
                    and not bandwidth and not lambdaAlloc \
                    and not ipProto and not ipSrc and not ipDst \
                    and not tcpSrc and not tcpDst:
                cmd = "add-point-intent"

            else:
                cmd = "add-point-intent"

                if ethType:
                    cmd += " --ethType " + str( ethType )
                if ethSrc:
                    cmd += " --ethSrc " + str( ethSrc )
                if ethDst:
                    cmd += " --ethDst " + str( ethDst )
                if bandwidth:
                    cmd += " --bandwidth " + str( bandwidth )
                if lambdaAlloc:
                    cmd += " --lambda "
                if ipProto:
                    cmd += " --ipProto " + str( ipProto )
                if ipSrc:
                    cmd += " --ipSrc " + str( ipSrc )
                if ipDst:
                    cmd += " --ipDst " + str( ipDst )
                if tcpSrc:
                    cmd += " --tcpSrc " + str( tcpSrc )
                if tcpDst:
                    cmd += " --tcpDst " + str( tcpDst )

            # Check whether the user appended the port
            # or provided it as an input
            if "/" in ingressDevice:
                cmd += " " + str( ingressDevice )
            else:
                if not portIngress:
                    main.log.error( "You must specify the ingress port" )
                    # TODO: perhaps more meaningful return
                    #       Would it make sense to throw an exception and exit
                    #       the test?
                    return None

                cmd += " " + \
                    str( ingressDevice ) + "/" +\
                    str( portIngress ) + " "

            if "/" in egressDevice:
                cmd += " " + str( egressDevice )
            else:
                if not portEgress:
                    main.log.error( "You must specify the egress port" )
                    return None

                cmd += " " +\
                    str( egressDevice ) + "/" +\
                    str( portEgress )

            handle = self.sendline( cmd )
            # If error, return error message
            if re.search( "Error", handle ):
                main.log.error( "Error in adding point-to-point intent" )
                return None
            else:
                # TODO: print out all the options in this message?
                main.log.info( "Point-to-point intent installed between " +
                               str( ingressDevice ) + " and " +
                               str( egressDevice ) )
                match = re.search('id=0x([\da-f]+),', handle)
                if match:
                    return match.group()[3:-1]
                else:
                    main.log.error( "Error, intent ID not found" )
                    return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def addMultipointToSinglepointIntent(
            self,
            ingressDeviceList,
            egressDevice,
            portIngressList=None,
            portEgress="",
            ethType="",
            ethSrc="",
            ethDst="",
            bandwidth="",
            lambdaAlloc=False,
            ipProto="",
            ipSrc="",
            ipDst="",
            tcpSrc="",
            tcpDst="",
            setEthSrc="",
            setEthDst="" ):
        """
        Note:
            This function assumes the format of all ingress devices
            is same. That is, all ingress devices include port numbers
            with a "/" or all ingress devices could specify device
            ids and port numbers seperately.
        Required:
            * ingressDeviceList: List of device ids of ingress device
                ( Atleast 2 ingress devices required in the list )
            * egressDevice: device id of egress device
        Optional:
            * ethType: specify ethType
            * ethSrc: specify ethSrc ( i.e. src mac addr )
            * ethDst: specify ethDst ( i.e. dst mac addr )
            * bandwidth: specify bandwidth capacity of link
            * lambdaAlloc: if True, intent will allocate lambda
              for the specified intent
            * ipProto: specify ip protocol
            * ipSrc: specify ip source address
            * ipDst: specify ip destination address
            * tcpSrc: specify tcp source port
            * tcpDst: specify tcp destination port
            * setEthSrc: action to Rewrite Source MAC Address
            * setEthDst: action to Rewrite Destination MAC Address
        Description:
            Adds a multipoint-to-singlepoint intent ( uni-directional ) by
            specifying device id's and optional fields
        Returns:
            A string of the intent id or None on error

        NOTE: This function may change depending on the
              options developers provide for multipoint-to-singlepoint
              intent via cli
        """
        try:
            # If there are no optional arguments
            if not ethType and not ethSrc and not ethDst\
                    and not bandwidth and not lambdaAlloc\
                    and not ipProto and not ipSrc and not ipDst\
                    and not tcpSrc and not tcpDst and not setEthSrc\
                    and not setEthDst:
                cmd = "add-multi-to-single-intent"

            else:
                cmd = "add-multi-to-single-intent"

                if ethType:
                    cmd += " --ethType " + str( ethType )
                if ethSrc:
                    cmd += " --ethSrc " + str( ethSrc )
                if ethDst:
                    cmd += " --ethDst " + str( ethDst )
                if bandwidth:
                    cmd += " --bandwidth " + str( bandwidth )
                if lambdaAlloc:
                    cmd += " --lambda "
                if ipProto:
                    cmd += " --ipProto " + str( ipProto )
                if ipSrc:
                    cmd += " --ipSrc " + str( ipSrc )
                if ipDst:
                    cmd += " --ipDst " + str( ipDst )
                if tcpSrc:
                    cmd += " --tcpSrc " + str( tcpSrc )
                if tcpDst:
                    cmd += " --tcpDst " + str( tcpDst )
                if setEthSrc:
                    cmd += " --setEthSrc " + str( setEthSrc )
                if setEthDst:
                    cmd += " --setEthDst " + str( setEthDst )

            # Check whether the user appended the port
            # or provided it as an input

            if portIngressList is None:
                for ingressDevice in ingressDeviceList:
                    if "/" in ingressDevice:
                        cmd += " " + str( ingressDevice )
                    else:
                        main.log.error( "You must specify " +
                                        "the ingress port" )
                        # TODO: perhaps more meaningful return
                        return main.FALSE
            else:
                if len( ingressDeviceList ) == len( portIngressList ):
                    for ingressDevice, portIngress in zip( ingressDeviceList, portIngressList ):
                        cmd += " " + \
                            str( ingressDevice ) + "/" +\
                            str( portIngress ) + " "
                else:
                    main.log.error( "Device list and port list does not have the same length" )
                    return main.FALSE
            if "/" in egressDevice:
                cmd += " " + str( egressDevice )
            else:
                if not portEgress:
                    main.log.error( "You must specify " +
                                    "the egress port" )
                    return main.FALSE

                cmd += " " +\
                    str( egressDevice ) + "/" +\
                    str( portEgress )

            print "cmd= ", cmd
            handle = self.sendline( cmd )
            # If error, return error message
            if re.search( "Error", handle ):
                main.log.error( "Error in adding multipoint-to-singlepoint " +
                                "intent" )
                return None
            else:
                match = re.search('id=0x([\da-f]+),', handle)
                if match:
                    return match.group()[3:-1]
                else:
                    main.log.error( "Error, intent ID not found" )
                    return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def addSinglepointToMultipointIntent(
            self,
            ingressDevice,
            egressDeviceList,
            portIngress="",
            portEgressList=None,
            ethType="",
            ethSrc="",
            ethDst="",
            bandwidth="",
            lambdaAlloc=False,
            ipProto="",
            ipSrc="",
            ipDst="",
            tcpSrc="",
            tcpDst="",
            setEthSrc="",
            setEthDst="" ):
        """
        Note:
            This function assumes the format of all egress devices
            is same. That is, all egress devices include port numbers
            with a "/" or all egress devices could specify device
            ids and port numbers seperately.
        Required:
            * EgressDeviceList: List of device ids of egress device
                ( Atleast 2 eress devices required in the list )
            * ingressDevice: device id of ingress device
        Optional:
            * ethType: specify ethType
            * ethSrc: specify ethSrc ( i.e. src mac addr )
            * ethDst: specify ethDst ( i.e. dst mac addr )
            * bandwidth: specify bandwidth capacity of link
            * lambdaAlloc: if True, intent will allocate lambda
              for the specified intent
            * ipProto: specify ip protocol
            * ipSrc: specify ip source address
            * ipDst: specify ip destination address
            * tcpSrc: specify tcp source port
            * tcpDst: specify tcp destination port
            * setEthSrc: action to Rewrite Source MAC Address
            * setEthDst: action to Rewrite Destination MAC Address
        Description:
            Adds a singlepoint-to-multipoint intent ( uni-directional ) by
            specifying device id's and optional fields
        Returns:
            A string of the intent id or None on error

        NOTE: This function may change depending on the
              options developers provide for singlepoint-to-multipoint
              intent via cli
        """
        try:
            # If there are no optional arguments
            if not ethType and not ethSrc and not ethDst\
                    and not bandwidth and not lambdaAlloc\
                    and not ipProto and not ipSrc and not ipDst\
                    and not tcpSrc and not tcpDst and not setEthSrc\
                    and not setEthDst:
                cmd = "add-single-to-multi-intent"

            else:
                cmd = "add-single-to-multi-intent"

                if ethType:
                    cmd += " --ethType " + str( ethType )
                if ethSrc:
                    cmd += " --ethSrc " + str( ethSrc )
                if ethDst:
                    cmd += " --ethDst " + str( ethDst )
                if bandwidth:
                    cmd += " --bandwidth " + str( bandwidth )
                if lambdaAlloc:
                    cmd += " --lambda "
                if ipProto:
                    cmd += " --ipProto " + str( ipProto )
                if ipSrc:
                    cmd += " --ipSrc " + str( ipSrc )
                if ipDst:
                    cmd += " --ipDst " + str( ipDst )
                if tcpSrc:
                    cmd += " --tcpSrc " + str( tcpSrc )
                if tcpDst:
                    cmd += " --tcpDst " + str( tcpDst )
                if setEthSrc:
                    cmd += " --setEthSrc " + str( setEthSrc )
                if setEthDst:
                    cmd += " --setEthDst " + str( setEthDst )

            # Check whether the user appended the port
            # or provided it as an input
            
            if "/" in ingressDevice:
                cmd += " " + str( ingressDevice )
            else:
                if not portIngress:
                    main.log.error( "You must specify " +
                                    "the Ingress port" )
                    return main.FALSE

                cmd += " " +\
                    str( ingressDevice ) + "/" +\
                    str( portIngress )

            if portEgressList is None:
                for egressDevice in egressDeviceList:
                    if "/" in egressDevice:
                        cmd += " " + str( egressDevice )
                    else:
                        main.log.error( "You must specify " +
                                        "the egress port" )
                        # TODO: perhaps more meaningful return
                        return main.FALSE
            else:
                if len( egressDeviceList ) == len( portEgressList ):
                    for egressDevice, portEgress in zip( egressDeviceList, portEgressList ):
                        cmd += " " + \
                            str( egressDevice ) + "/" +\
                            str( portEgress )
                else:
                    main.log.error( "Device list and port list does not have the same length" )
                    return main.FALSE

            print "cmd= ", cmd
            handle = self.sendline( cmd )
            # If error, return error message
            if re.search( "Error", handle ):
                main.log.error( "Error in adding singlepoint-to-multipoint " +
                                "intent" )
                return None
            else:
                match = re.search('id=0x([\da-f]+),', handle)
                if match:
                    return match.group()[3:-1]
                else:
                    main.log.error( "Error, intent ID not found" )
                    return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def addMplsIntent(
            self,
            ingressDevice,
            egressDevice,
            ingressPort="",
            egressPort="",
            ethType="",
            ethSrc="",
            ethDst="",
            bandwidth="",
            lambdaAlloc=False,
            ipProto="",
            ipSrc="",
            ipDst="",
            tcpSrc="",
            tcpDst="",
            ingressLabel="",
            egressLabel="",
            priority=""):
        """
        Required:
            * ingressDevice: device id of ingress device
            * egressDevice: device id of egress device
        Optional:
            * ethType: specify ethType
            * ethSrc: specify ethSrc ( i.e. src mac addr )
            * ethDst: specify ethDst ( i.e. dst mac addr )
            * bandwidth: specify bandwidth capacity of link
            * lambdaAlloc: if True, intent will allocate lambda
              for the specified intent
            * ipProto: specify ip protocol
            * ipSrc: specify ip source address
            * ipDst: specify ip destination address
            * tcpSrc: specify tcp source port
            * tcpDst: specify tcp destination port
            * ingressLabel: Ingress MPLS label
            * egressLabel: Egress MPLS label
        Description:
            Adds MPLS intent by
            specifying device id's and optional fields
        Returns:
            A string of the intent id or None on error

        NOTE: This function may change depending on the
              options developers provide for MPLS
              intent via cli
        """
        try:
            # If there are no optional arguments
            if not ethType and not ethSrc and not ethDst\
                    and not bandwidth and not lambdaAlloc \
                    and not ipProto and not ipSrc and not ipDst \
                    and not tcpSrc and not tcpDst and not ingressLabel \
                    and not egressLabel:
                cmd = "add-mpls-intent"

            else:
                cmd = "add-mpls-intent"

                if ethType:
                    cmd += " --ethType " + str( ethType )
                if ethSrc:
                    cmd += " --ethSrc " + str( ethSrc )
                if ethDst:
                    cmd += " --ethDst " + str( ethDst )
                if bandwidth:
                    cmd += " --bandwidth " + str( bandwidth )
                if lambdaAlloc:
                    cmd += " --lambda "
                if ipProto:
                    cmd += " --ipProto " + str( ipProto )
                if ipSrc:
                    cmd += " --ipSrc " + str( ipSrc )
                if ipDst:
                    cmd += " --ipDst " + str( ipDst )
                if tcpSrc:
                    cmd += " --tcpSrc " + str( tcpSrc )
                if tcpDst:
                    cmd += " --tcpDst " + str( tcpDst )
                if ingressLabel:
                    cmd += " --ingressLabel " + str( ingressLabel )
                if egressLabel:
                    cmd += " --egressLabel " + str( egressLabel )
                if priority:
                    cmd += " --priority " + str( priority )

            # Check whether the user appended the port
            # or provided it as an input
            if "/" in ingressDevice:
                cmd += " " + str( ingressDevice )
            else:
                if not ingressPort:
                    main.log.error( "You must specify the ingress port" )
                    return None

                cmd += " " + \
                    str( ingressDevice ) + "/" +\
                    str( ingressPort ) + " "

            if "/" in egressDevice:
                cmd += " " + str( egressDevice )
            else:
                if not egressPort:
                    main.log.error( "You must specify the egress port" )
                    return None

                cmd += " " +\
                    str( egressDevice ) + "/" +\
                    str( egressPort )

            handle = self.sendline( cmd )
            # If error, return error message
            if re.search( "Error", handle ):
                main.log.error( "Error in adding mpls intent" )
                return None
            else:
                # TODO: print out all the options in this message?
                main.log.info( "MPLS intent installed between " +
                               str( ingressDevice ) + " and " +
                               str( egressDevice ) )
                match = re.search('id=0x([\da-f]+),', handle)
                if match:
                    return match.group()[3:-1]
                else:
                    main.log.error( "Error, intent ID not found" )
                    return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def removeIntent( self, intentId, app='org.onosproject.cli',
                      purge=False, sync=False ):
        """
        Remove intent for specified application id and intent id
        Optional args:-
        -s or --sync: Waits for the removal before returning
        -p or --purge: Purge the intent from the store after removal

        Returns:
            main.False on error and
            cli output otherwise
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "remove-intent "
            if purge:
                cmdStr += " -p"
            if sync:
                cmdStr += " -s"

            cmdStr += " " + app + " " + str( intentId )
            handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            if re.search( "Error", handle ):
                main.log.error( "Error in removing intent" )
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                # TODO: Should this be main.TRUE
                return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def routes( self, jsonFormat=False ):
        """
        NOTE: This method should be used after installing application:
              onos-app-sdnip
        Optional:
            * jsonFormat: enable output formatting in json
        Description:
            Obtain all routes in the system
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "routes -j"
                handleTmp = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle = ansiEscape.sub( '', handleTmp )
            else:
                cmdStr = "routes"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def intents( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Optional:
            * jsonFormat: enable output formatting in json
        Description:
            Obtain intents currently installed
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "intents -j"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
            else:
                cmdStr = "intents"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getIntentState(self, intentsId, intentsJson=None):
        """
            Check intent state.
            Accepts a single intent ID (string type) or a list of intent IDs.
            Returns the state(string type) of the id if a single intent ID is
            accepted.
            Returns a dictionary with intent IDs as the key and its
            corresponding states as the values
            Parameters:
            intentId: intent ID (string type)
            intentsJson: parsed json object from the onos:intents api
            Returns:
            state = An intent's state- INSTALL,WITHDRAWN etc.
            stateDict = Dictionary of intent's state. intent ID as the keys and
            state as the values.
        """
        try:
            state = "State is Undefined"
            if not intentsJson:
                intentsJsonTemp = json.loads( self.intents() )
            else:
                intentsJsonTemp = json.loads( intentsJson )
            if isinstance( intentsId, types.StringType ):
                for intent in intentsJsonTemp:
                    if intentsId == intent[ 'id' ]:
                        state = intent[ 'state' ]
                        return state
                main.log.info( "Cannot find intent ID" + str( intentsId ) +
                               " on the list" )
                return state
            elif isinstance( intentsId, types.ListType ):
                dictList = []
                for i in xrange( len( intentsId ) ):
                    stateDict = {}
                    for intents in intentsJsonTemp:
                        if intentsId[ i ] == intents[ 'id' ]:
                            stateDict[ 'state' ] = intents[ 'state' ]
                            stateDict[ 'id' ] = intentsId[ i ]
                            dictList.append( stateDict )
                            break
                if len( intentsId ) != len( dictList ):
                    main.log.info( "Cannot find some of the intent ID state" )
                return dictList
            else:
                main.log.info( "Invalid intents ID entry" )
                return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
    
    def checkIntentState( self, intentsId, expectedState = 'INSTALLED' ):
        """
        Description:
            Check intents state
        Required:
            intentsId - List of intents ID to be checked
        Optional:
            expectedState - Check this expected state of each intents state
                            in the list. Defaults to INSTALLED
        Return:
            Returns main.TRUE only if all intent are the same as expectedState,
            , otherwise,returns main.FALSE.
        """
        try:
            # Generating a dictionary: intent id as a key and state as value
            intentsDict = self.getIntentState( intentsId )
            print "len of intentsDict ", str( len( intentsDict ) )
            if len( intentsId ) != len( intentsDict ):
                main.log.info( self.name + "There is something wrong " +
                               "getting intents state" )
                return main.FALSE
            returnValue = main.TRUE
            for intents in intentsDict:
                if intents.get( 'state' ) != expectedState:
                    main.log.info( self.name + " : " + intents.get( 'id' ) +
                                   " actual state = " + intents.get( 'state' )
                                   + " does not equal expected state = "
                                   + expectedState )
                    returnValue = main.FALSE
            if returnValue == main.TRUE:
                main.log.info( self.name + ": All " +
                               str( len( intentsDict ) ) +
                               " intents are in " + expectedState + " state")
            return returnValue
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def flows( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Optional:
            * jsonFormat: enable output formatting in json
        Description:
            Obtain flows currently installed
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "flows -j"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
            else:
                cmdStr = "flows"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            if re.search( "Error:", handle ):
                main.log.error( self.name + ".flows() response: " +
                                str( handle ) )
            return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def checkFlowsState( self ):
        """
        Description:
            Check the if all the current flows are in ADDED state or
            PENDING_ADD state
        Return:
            returnValue - Returns main.TRUE only if all flows are in
                          ADDED state or PENDING_ADD, return main.FALSE
                          otherwise.
        """
        try:
            tempFlows = json.loads( self.flows() )
            returnValue = main.TRUE
            for device in tempFlows:
                for flow in device.get( 'flows' ):
                    if flow.get( 'state' ) != 'ADDED' and flow.get( 'state' ) != \
                            'PENDING_ADD':
                        main.log.info( self.name + ": flow Id: " +
                                       flow.get( 'flowId' ) +
                                       " | state:" + flow.get( 'state' ) )
                        returnValue = main.FALSE
            return returnValue
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def pushTestIntents( self, dpidSrc, dpidDst, numIntents,
                         numMult="", appId="", report=True ):
        """
        Description:
            Push a number of intents in a batch format to
            a specific point-to-point intent definition
        Required:
            * dpidSrc: specify source dpid
            * dpidDst: specify destination dpid
            * numIntents: specify number of intents to push
        Optional:
            * numMult: number multiplier for multiplying
              the number of intents specified
            * appId: specify the application id init to further
              modularize the intents
            * report: default True, returns latency information
        """
        try:
            cmd = "push-test-intents " +\
                  str( dpidSrc ) + " " + str( dpidDst ) + " " +\
                  str( numIntents )
            if numMult:
                cmd += " " + str( numMult )
                # If app id is specified, then numMult
                # must exist because of the way this command
                if appId:
                    cmd += " " + str( appId )
            handle = self.sendline( cmd )
            ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
            handle = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
            if report:
                latResult = []
                main.log.info( handle )
                # Split result by newline
                newline = handle.split( "\r\r\n" )
                # Ignore the first object of list, which is empty
                newline = newline[ 1: ]
                # Some sloppy parsing method to get the latency
                for result in newline:
                    result = result.split( ": " )
                    # Append the first result of second parse
                    latResult.append( result[ 1 ].split( " " )[ 0 ] )
                main.log.info( latResult )
                return latResult
            else:
                return main.TRUE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def intentsEventsMetrics( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Description:Returns topology metrics
        Optional:
            * jsonFormat: enable json formatting of output
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "intents-events-metrics -j"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                # Some color thing that we want to escape
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
            else:
                cmdStr = "intents-events-metrics"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def topologyEventsMetrics( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Description:Returns topology metrics
        Optional:
            * jsonFormat: enable json formatting of output
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "topology-events-metrics -j"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                # Some color thing that we want to escape
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
            else:
                cmdStr = "topology-events-metrics"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            if handle:
                return handle
            else:
                # Return empty json
                return '{}'
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    # Wrapper functions ****************
    # Wrapper functions use existing driver
    # functions and extends their use case.
    # For example, we may use the output of
    # a normal driver function, and parse it
    # using a wrapper function

    def getAllIntentsId( self ):
        """
        Description:
            Obtain all intent id's in a list
        """
        try:
            # Obtain output of intents function
            intentsStr = self.intents(jsonFormat=False)
            intentIdList = []

            # Parse the intents output for ID's
            intentsList = [ s.strip() for s in intentsStr.splitlines() ]
            for intents in intentsList:
                match = re.search('id=0x([\da-f]+),', intents)
                if match:
                    tmpId = match.group()[3:-1]
                    intentIdList.append( tmpId )
            return intentIdList

        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def FlowAddedCount( self, deviceId ):
        """
        Determine the number of flow rules for the given device id that are
        in the added state
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "flows any " + str( deviceId ) + " | " +\
                     "grep 'state=ADDED' | wc -l"
            handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            return handle
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getAllDevicesId( self ):
        """
        Use 'devices' function to obtain list of all devices
        and parse the result to obtain a list of all device
        id's. Returns this list. Returns empty list if no
        devices exist
        List is ordered sequentially

        This function may be useful if you are not sure of the
        device id, and wish to execute other commands using
        the ids. By obtaining the list of device ids on the fly,
        you can iterate through the list to get mastership, etc.
        """
        try:
            # Call devices and store result string
            devicesStr = self.devices( jsonFormat=False )
            idList = []

            if not devicesStr:
                main.log.info( "There are no devices to get id from" )
                return idList

            # Split the string into list by comma
            deviceList = devicesStr.split( "," )
            # Get temporary list of all arguments with string 'id='
            tempList = [ dev for dev in deviceList if "id=" in dev ]
            # Split list further into arguments before and after string
            # 'id='. Get the latter portion ( the actual device id ) and
            # append to idList
            for arg in tempList:
                idList.append( arg.split( "id=" )[ 1 ] )
            return idList

        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getAllNodesId( self ):
        """
        Uses 'nodes' function to obtain list of all nodes
        and parse the result of nodes to obtain just the
        node id's.
        Returns:
            list of node id's
        """
        try:
            nodesStr = self.nodes( jsonFormat=True )
            idList = []
            # Sample nodesStr output
            # id=local, address=127.0.0.1:9876, state=ACTIVE *
            if not nodesStr:
                main.log.info( "There are no nodes to get id from" )
                return idList
            nodesJson = json.loads( nodesStr )
            idList = [ node.get('id') for node in nodesJson ]
            return idList

        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getDevice( self, dpid=None ):
        """
        Return the first device from the devices api whose 'id' contains 'dpid'
        Return None if there is no match
        """
        try:
            if dpid is None:
                return None
            else:
                dpid = dpid.replace( ':', '' )
                rawDevices = self.devices()
                devicesJson = json.loads( rawDevices )
                # search json for the device with dpid then return the device
                for device in devicesJson:
                    # print "%s in  %s?" % ( dpid, device[ 'id' ] )
                    if dpid in device[ 'id' ]:
                        return device
            return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def checkStatus( self, ip, numoswitch, numolink, logLevel="info" ):
        """
        Checks the number of switches & links that ONOS sees against the
        supplied values. By default this will report to main.log, but the
        log level can be specified.

        Params: ip = ip used for the onos cli
                numoswitch = expected number of switches
                numolink = expected number of links
                logLevel = level to log to. Currently accepts
                'info', 'warn' and 'report'


        logLevel can

        Returns: main.TRUE if the number of switches and links are correct,
                 main.FALSE if the number of switches and links is incorrect,
                 and main.ERROR otherwise
        """
        try:
            topology = self.getTopology( ip )
            if topology == {}:
                return main.ERROR
            output = ""
            # Is the number of switches is what we expected
            devices = topology.get( 'devices', False )
            links = topology.get( 'links', False )
            if devices is False or links is False:
                return main.ERROR
            switchCheck = ( int( devices ) == int( numoswitch ) )
            # Is the number of links is what we expected
            linkCheck = ( int( links ) == int( numolink ) )
            if ( switchCheck and linkCheck ):
                # We expected the correct numbers
                output += "The number of links and switches match " +\
                          "what was expected"
                result = main.TRUE
            else:
                output += "The number of links and switches does not match " +\
                          "what was expected"
                result = main.FALSE
            output = output + "\n ONOS sees %i devices (%i expected) \
                    and %i links (%i expected)" % (
                int( devices ), int( numoswitch ), int( links ),
                int( numolink ) )
            if logLevel == "report":
                main.log.report( output )
            elif logLevel == "warn":
                main.log.warn( output )
            else:
                main.log.info( output )
            return result
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def deviceRole( self, deviceId, onosNode, role="master" ):
        """
        Calls the device-role cli command.
        deviceId must be the id of a device as seen in the onos devices command
        onosNode is the ip of one of the onos nodes in the cluster
        role must be either master, standby, or none

        Returns:
            main.TRUE or main.FALSE based on argument verification and
            main.ERROR if command returns and error
        """
        try:
            if role.lower() == "master" or role.lower() == "standby" or\
                    role.lower() == "none":
                cmdStr = "device-role " +\
                    str( deviceId ) + " " +\
                    str( onosNode ) + " " +\
                    str( role )
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                if re.search( "Error", handle ):
                    # end color output to escape any colours
                    # from the cli
                    main.log.error( self.name + ": " +
                                    handle + '\033[0m' )
                    return main.ERROR
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                main.log.error( "Invalid 'role' given to device_role(). " +
                                "Value was '" + str(role) + "'." )
                return main.FALSE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def clusters( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Lists all clusters
        Optional argument:
            * jsonFormat - boolean indicating if you want output in json
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "clusters -j"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                """
                handle variable here contains some ANSI escape color code
                sequences at the end which are invisible in the print command
                output. To make that escape sequence visible, use repr()
                function. The repr( handle ) output when printed shows the ANSI
                escape sequences. In json.loads( somestring ), this somestring
                variable is actually repr( somestring ) and json.loads would
                fail with the escape sequence. So we take off that escape
                sequence using:

                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                """
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                handle1 = ansiEscape.sub( '', handle )
                return handle1
            else:
                cmdStr = "clusters"
                handle = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                return handle
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def electionTestLeader( self ):
        """
        CLI command to get the current leader for the Election test application
        NOTE: Requires installation of the onos-app-election feature
        Returns: Node IP of the leader if one exists
                 None if none exists
                 Main.FALSE on error
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "election-test-leader"
            response = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            # Leader
            leaderPattern = "The\scurrent\sleader\sfor\sthe\sElection\s" +\
                "app\sis\s(?P<node>.+)\."
            nodeSearch = re.search( leaderPattern, response )
            if nodeSearch:
                node = nodeSearch.group( 'node' )
                main.log.info( "Election-test-leader on " + str( self.name ) +
                               " found " + node + " as the leader" )
                return node
            # no leader
            nullPattern = "There\sis\scurrently\sno\sleader\selected\sfor\s" +\
                "the\sElection\sapp"
            nullSearch = re.search( nullPattern, response )
            if nullSearch:
                main.log.info( "Election-test-leader found no leader on " +
                               self.name )
                return None
            # error
            errorPattern = "Command\snot\sfound"
            if re.search( errorPattern, response ):
                main.log.error( "Election app is not loaded on " + self.name )
                # TODO: Should this be main.ERROR?
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                main.log.error( "Error in election_test_leader: " +
                                "unexpected response" )
                main.log.error( repr( response ) )
                return main.FALSE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def electionTestRun( self ):
        """
        CLI command to run for leadership of the Election test application.
        NOTE: Requires installation of the onos-app-election feature
        Returns: Main.TRUE on success
                 Main.FALSE on error
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "election-test-run"
            response = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            # success
            successPattern = "Entering\sleadership\selections\sfor\sthe\s" +\
                "Election\sapp."
            search = re.search( successPattern, response )
            if search:
                main.log.info( self.name + " entering leadership elections " +
                               "for the Election app." )
                return main.TRUE
            # error
            errorPattern = "Command\snot\sfound"
            if re.search( errorPattern, response ):
                main.log.error( "Election app is not loaded on " + self.name )
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                main.log.error( "Error in election_test_run: " +
                                "unexpected response" )
                main.log.error( repr( response ) )
                return main.FALSE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def electionTestWithdraw( self ):
        """
         * CLI command to withdraw the local node from leadership election for
         * the Election test application.
         #NOTE: Requires installation of the onos-app-election feature
         Returns: Main.TRUE on success
                  Main.FALSE on error
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "election-test-withdraw"
            response = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            # success
            successPattern = "Withdrawing\sfrom\sleadership\selections\sfor" +\
                "\sthe\sElection\sapp."
            if re.search( successPattern, response ):
                main.log.info( self.name + " withdrawing from leadership " +
                               "elections for the Election app." )
                return main.TRUE
            # error
            errorPattern = "Command\snot\sfound"
            if re.search( errorPattern, response ):
                main.log.error( "Election app is not loaded on " + self.name )
                return main.FALSE
            else:
                main.log.error( "Error in election_test_withdraw: " +
                                "unexpected response" )
                main.log.error( repr( response ) )
                return main.FALSE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return main.FALSE
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getDevicePortsEnabledCount( self, dpid ):
        """
        Get the count of all enabled ports on a particular device/switch
        """
        try:
            dpid = str( dpid )
            cmdStr = "onos:ports -e " + dpid + " | wc -l"
            output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            if re.search( "No such device", output ):
                main.log.error( "Error in getting ports" )
                return ( output, "Error" )
            else:
                return output
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return ( output, "Error" )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getDeviceLinksActiveCount( self, dpid ):
        """
        Get the count of all enabled ports on a particular device/switch
        """
        try:
            dpid = str( dpid )
            cmdStr = "onos:links " + dpid + " | grep ACTIVE | wc -l"
            output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            if re.search( "No such device", output ):
                main.log.error( "Error in getting ports " )
                return ( output, "Error " )
            else:
                return output
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return ( output, "Error " )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def getAllIntentIds( self ):
        """
        Return a list of all Intent IDs
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "onos:intents | grep id="
            output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            if re.search( "Error", output ):
                main.log.error( "Error in getting ports" )
                return ( output, "Error" )
            else:
                return output
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return ( output, "Error" )
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def intentSummary( self ):
        """
        Returns a dictionary containing the current intent states and the count
        """
        try:
            intents = self.intents( )
            intentStates = []
            for intent in json.loads( intents ):
                intentStates.append( intent.get( 'state', None ) )
            out = [ (i, intentStates.count( i ) ) for i in set( intentStates ) ]
            main.log.info( dict( out ) )
            return dict( out )
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def leaders( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Returns the output of the leaders command.
        Optional argument:
            * jsonFormat - boolean indicating if you want output in json
        """
        # FIXME: add json output
        # Sample JSON
        # {
        #     "electedTime": "13m ago",
        #     "epoch": 4,
        #     "leader": "10.128.30.17",
        #     "topic": "intent-partition-3"
        #  },
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "onos:leaders -j"
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                cleanedOutput = ansiEscape.sub( '', output )
                return cleanedOutput
            else:
                cmdStr = "onos:leaders"
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                return output
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def pendingMap( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Returns the output of the intent Pending map.
        """
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "onos:intents -p -j"
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                cleanedOutput = ansiEscape.sub( '', output )
                return cleanedOutput
            else:
                cmdStr = "onos:intents -p"
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                return output
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def partitions( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Returns the output of the raft partitions command for ONOS.
        """
        # Sample JSON
        # {
        #     "leader": "tcp://10.128.30.11:7238",
        #     "members": [
        #         "tcp://10.128.30.11:7238",
        #         "tcp://10.128.30.17:7238",
        #         "tcp://10.128.30.13:7238",
        #     ],
        #     "name": "p1",
        #     "term": 3
        # },
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "onos:partitions -j"
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                cleanedOutput = ansiEscape.sub( '', output )
                return cleanedOutput
            else:
                cmdStr = "onos:partitions"
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                return output
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def apps( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Returns the output of the apps command for ONOS. This command lists
        information about installed ONOS applications
        """
        # Sample JSON object
        # [{"name":"org.onosproject.openflow","id":0,"version":"1.2.0",
        # "description":"ONOS OpenFlow protocol southbound providers",
        # "origin":"ON.Lab","permissions":"[]","featuresRepo":"",
        # "features":"[onos-openflow]","state":"ACTIVE"}]
        try:
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr = "onos:apps -j"
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                assert "Error executing command" not in output
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                cleanedOutput = ansiEscape.sub( '', output )
                return cleanedOutput
            else:
                cmdStr = "onos:apps"
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                assert "Error executing command" not in output
                return output
        # FIXME: look at specific exceptions/Errors
        except AssertionError:
            main.log.error( "Error in processing onos:app command: " +
                            str( output ) )
            return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def appStatus( self, appName ):
        """
        Uses the onos:apps cli command to return the status of an application.
        Returns:
            "ACTIVE" - If app is installed and activated
            "INSTALLED" - If app is installed and deactivated
            "UNINSTALLED" - If app is not installed
            None - on error
        """
        try:
            if not isinstance( appName, types.StringType ):
                main.log.error( self.name + ".appStatus(): appName must be" +
                                " a string" )
                return None
            output = self.apps( jsonFormat=True )
            appsJson = json.loads( output )
            state = None
            for app in appsJson:
                if appName == app.get('name'):
                    state = app.get('state')
                    break
            if state == "ACTIVE" or state == "INSTALLED":
                return state
            elif state is None:
                return "UNINSTALLED"
            elif state:
                main.log.error( "Unexpected state from 'onos:apps': " +
                                str( state ) )
                return state
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def app( self, appName, option ):
        """
        Interacts with the app command for ONOS. This command manages
        application inventory.
        """
        try:
            # Validate argument types
            valid = True
            if not isinstance( appName, types.StringType ):
                main.log.error( self.name + ".app(): appName must be a " +
                                "string" )
                valid = False
            if not isinstance( option, types.StringType ):
                main.log.error( self.name + ".app(): option must be a string" )
                valid = False
            if not valid:
                return main.FALSE
            # Validate Option
            option = option.lower()
            # NOTE: Install may become a valid option
            if option == "activate":
                pass
            elif option == "deactivate":
                pass
            elif option == "uninstall":
                pass
            else:
                # Invalid option
                main.log.error( "The ONOS app command argument only takes " +
                                "the values: (activate|deactivate|uninstall)" +
                                "; was given '" + option + "'")
                return main.FALSE
            cmdStr = "onos:app " + option + " " + appName
            output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
            if "Error executing command" in output:
                main.log.error( "Error in processing onos:app command: " +
                                str( output ) )
                return main.FALSE
            elif "No such application" in output:
                main.log.error( "The application '" + appName +
                                "' is not installed in ONOS" )
                return main.FALSE
            elif "Command not found:" in output:
                main.log.error( "Error in processing onos:app command: " +
                                str( output ) )
                return main.FALSE
            elif "Unsupported command:" in output:
                main.log.error( "Incorrect command given to 'app': " +
                                str( output ) )
            # NOTE: we may need to add more checks here
            # else: Command was successful
            #main.log.debug( "app response: " + repr( output ) )
            return main.TRUE
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return main.ERROR
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def activateApp( self, appName, check=True ):
        """
        Activate an app that is already installed in ONOS
        appName is the hierarchical app name, not the feature name
        If check is True, method will check the status of the app after the
        command is issued
        Returns main.TRUE if the command was successfully sent
                main.FALSE if the cli responded with an error or given
                    incorrect input
        """
        try:
            if not isinstance( appName, types.StringType ):
                main.log.error( self.name + ".activateApp(): appName must be" +
                                " a string" )
                return main.FALSE
            status = self.appStatus( appName )
            if status == "INSTALLED":
                response = self.app( appName, "activate" )
                if check and response == main.TRUE:
                    for i in range(10):  # try 10 times then give up
                        # TODO: Check with Thomas about this delay
                        status = self.appStatus( appName )
                        if status == "ACTIVE":
                            return main.TRUE
                        else:
                            main.log.debug( "The state of application " +
                                            appName + " is " + status )
                            time.sleep( 1 )
                    return main.FALSE
                else:  # not 'check' or command didn't succeed
                    return response
            elif status == "ACTIVE":
                return main.TRUE
            elif status == "UNINSTALLED":
                main.log.error( self.name + ": Tried to activate the " +
                                "application '" + appName + "' which is not " +
                                "installed." )
            else:
                main.log.error( "Unexpected return value from appStatus: " +
                                str( status ) )
                return main.ERROR
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return main.ERROR
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def deactivateApp( self, appName, check=True ):
        """
        Deactivate an app that is already activated in ONOS
        appName is the hierarchical app name, not the feature name
        If check is True, method will check the status of the app after the
        command is issued
        Returns main.TRUE if the command was successfully sent
                main.FALSE if the cli responded with an error or given
                    incorrect input
        """
        try:
            if not isinstance( appName, types.StringType ):
                main.log.error( self.name + ".deactivateApp(): appName must " +
                                "be a string" )
                return main.FALSE
            status = self.appStatus( appName )
            if status == "INSTALLED":
                return main.TRUE
            elif status == "ACTIVE":
                response = self.app( appName, "deactivate" )
                if check and response == main.TRUE:
                    for i in range(10):  # try 10 times then give up
                        status = self.appStatus( appName )
                        if status == "INSTALLED":
                            return main.TRUE
                        else:
                            time.sleep( 1 )
                    return main.FALSE
                else:  # not check or command didn't succeed
                    return response
            elif status == "UNINSTALLED":
                main.log.warn( self.name + ": Tried to deactivate the " +
                                "application '" + appName + "' which is not " +
                                "installed." )
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                main.log.error( "Unexpected return value from appStatus: " +
                                str( status ) )
                return main.ERROR
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return main.ERROR
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def uninstallApp( self, appName, check=True ):
        """
        Uninstall an app that is already installed in ONOS
        appName is the hierarchical app name, not the feature name
        If check is True, method will check the status of the app after the
        command is issued
        Returns main.TRUE if the command was successfully sent
                main.FALSE if the cli responded with an error or given
                    incorrect input
        """
        # TODO: check with Thomas about the state machine for apps
        try:
            if not isinstance( appName, types.StringType ):
                main.log.error( self.name + ".uninstallApp(): appName must " +
                                "be a string" )
                return main.FALSE
            status = self.appStatus( appName )
            if status == "INSTALLED":
                response = self.app( appName, "uninstall" )
                if check and response == main.TRUE:
                    for i in range(10):  # try 10 times then give up
                        status = self.appStatus( appName )
                        if status == "UNINSTALLED":
                            return main.TRUE
                        else:
                            time.sleep( 1 )
                    return main.FALSE
                else:  # not check or command didn't succeed
                    return response
            elif status == "ACTIVE":
                main.log.warn( self.name + ": Tried to uninstall the " +
                                "application '" + appName + "' which is " +
                                "currently active." )
                response = self.app( appName, "uninstall" )
                if check and response == main.TRUE:
                    for i in range(10):  # try 10 times then give up
                        status = self.appStatus( appName )
                        if status == "UNINSTALLED":
                            return main.TRUE
                        else:
                            time.sleep( 1 )
                    return main.FALSE
                else:  # not check or command didn't succeed
                    return response
            elif status == "UNINSTALLED":
                return main.TRUE
            else:
                main.log.error( "Unexpected return value from appStatus: " +
                                str( status ) )
                return main.ERROR
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return main.ERROR
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def appIDs( self, jsonFormat=True ):
        """
        Show the mappings between app id and app names given by the 'app-ids'
        cli command
        """
        try:
            cmdStr = "app-ids"
            if jsonFormat:
                cmdStr += " -j"
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                assert "Error executing command" not in output
                ansiEscape = re.compile( r'\r\r\n\x1b[^m]*m' )
                cleanedOutput = ansiEscape.sub( '', output )
                return cleanedOutput
            else:
                output = self.sendline( cmdStr )
                assert "Error executing command" not in output
                return output
        except AssertionError:
            main.log.error( "Error in processing onos:app-ids command: " +
                            str( output ) )
            return None
        except TypeError:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return None
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()

    def appToIDCheck( self ):
        """
        This method will check that each application's ID listed in 'apps' is
        the same as the ID listed in 'app-ids'. The check will also check that
        there are no duplicate IDs issued. Note that an app ID should be
        a globaly unique numerical identifier for app/app-like features. Once
        an ID is registered, the ID is never freed up so that if an app is
        reinstalled it will have the same ID.

        Returns: main.TRUE  if the check passes and
                 main.FALSE if the check fails or
                 main.ERROR if there is some error in processing the test
        """
        try:
            ids = json.loads( self.appIDs( jsonFormat=True ) )
            apps = json.loads( self.apps( jsonFormat=True ) )
            result = main.TRUE
            for app in apps:
                appID = app.get( 'id' )
                if appID is None:
                    main.log.error( "Error parsing app: " + str( app ) )
                    result = main.FALSE
                appName = app.get( 'name' )
                if appName is None:
                    main.log.error( "Error parsing app: " + str( app ) )
                    result = main.FALSE
                # get the entry in ids that has the same appID
                current = filter(lambda item: item[ 'id' ] == appID, ids)
                # main.log.debug( "Comparing " + str( app ) + " to " +
                #                 str( current ) )
                if not current:  # if ids doesn't have this id
                    result = main.FALSE
                    main.log.error( "'app-ids' does not have the ID for " +
                                    str( appName ) + " that apps does." )
                elif len( current ) > 1:
                    # there is more than one app with this ID
                    result = main.FALSE
                    # We will log this later in the method
                elif not current[0][ 'name' ] == appName:
                    currentName = current[0][ 'name' ]
                    result = main.FALSE
                    main.log.error( "'app-ids' has " + str( currentName ) +
                                    " registered under id:" + str( appID ) +
                                    " but 'apps' has " + str( appName ) )
                else:
                    pass  # id and name match!
            # now make sure that app-ids has no duplicates
            idsList = []
            namesList = []
            for item in ids:
                idsList.append( item[ 'id' ] )
                namesList.append( item[ 'name' ] )
            if len( idsList ) != len( set( idsList ) ) or\
               len( namesList ) != len( set( namesList ) ):
                    main.log.error( "'app-ids' has some duplicate entries: \n"
                                    + json.dumps( ids,
                                                  sort_keys=True,
                                                  indent=4,
                                                  separators=( ',', ': ' ) ) )
                    result = main.FALSE
            return result
        except ( ValueError, TypeError ):
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Object not as expected" )
            return main.ERROR
        except pexpect.EOF:
            main.log.error( self.name + ": EOF exception found" )
            main.log.error( self.name + ":    " + self.handle.before )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()
        except Exception:
            main.log.exception( self.name + ": Uncaught exception!" )
            main.cleanup()
            main.exit()