/*
 * Copyright 2015-present Open Networking Laboratory
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.onosproject.cordvtn.impl;

import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
import org.onlab.packet.Ethernet;
import org.onlab.packet.IPv4;
import org.onlab.packet.Ip4Address;
import org.onlab.packet.Ip4Prefix;
import org.onlab.packet.IpAddress;
import org.onlab.packet.IpPrefix;
import org.onlab.packet.MacAddress;
import org.onlab.packet.TpPort;
import org.onlab.packet.VlanId;
import org.onlab.util.ItemNotFoundException;
import org.onosproject.cordvtn.api.CordService;
import org.onosproject.cordvtn.api.CordServiceId;
import org.onosproject.cordvtn.api.CordVtnConfig;
import org.onosproject.cordvtn.api.CordVtnNode;
import org.onosproject.core.ApplicationId;
import org.onosproject.core.DefaultGroupId;
import org.onosproject.core.GroupId;
import org.onosproject.net.Device;
import org.onosproject.net.DeviceId;
import org.onosproject.net.Host;
import org.onosproject.net.Port;
import org.onosproject.net.PortNumber;
import org.onosproject.net.behaviour.ExtensionTreatmentResolver;
import org.onosproject.net.config.NetworkConfigRegistry;
import org.onosproject.net.device.DeviceService;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.DefaultFlowRule;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.DefaultTrafficSelector;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.DefaultTrafficTreatment;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.FlowRule;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.FlowRuleOperations;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.FlowRuleOperationsContext;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.FlowRuleService;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.TrafficSelector;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.TrafficTreatment;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.criteria.Criterion;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.criteria.IPCriterion;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.instructions.ExtensionPropertyException;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.instructions.ExtensionTreatment;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.instructions.Instruction;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.instructions.Instructions;
import org.onosproject.net.flow.instructions.L2ModificationInstruction;
import org.onosproject.net.group.DefaultGroupBucket;
import org.onosproject.net.group.DefaultGroupDescription;
import org.onosproject.net.group.DefaultGroupKey;
import org.onosproject.net.group.Group;
import org.onosproject.net.group.GroupBucket;
import org.onosproject.net.group.GroupBuckets;
import org.onosproject.net.group.GroupDescription;
import org.onosproject.net.group.GroupKey;
import org.onosproject.net.group.GroupService;
import org.slf4j.Logger;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
import static org.onosproject.net.flow.criteria.Criterion.Type.IPV4_DST;
import static org.onosproject.net.flow.instructions.ExtensionTreatmentType.ExtensionTreatmentTypes.NICIRA_SET_TUNNEL_DST;
import static org.onosproject.net.flow.instructions.L2ModificationInstruction.L2SubType.VLAN_PUSH;
import static org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger;

/**
 * Populates rules for CORD VTN service.
 */
public class CordVtnRuleInstaller {

    protected final Logger log = getLogger(getClass());

    private static final int TABLE_FIRST = 0;
    private static final int TABLE_IN_PORT = 1;
    private static final int TABLE_ACCESS_TYPE = 2;
    private static final int TABLE_IN_SERVICE = 3;
    private static final int TABLE_DST_IP = 4;
    private static final int TABLE_TUNNEL_IN = 5;
    private static final int TABLE_Q_IN_Q = 6;

    private static final int MANAGEMENT_PRIORITY = 55000;
    private static final int VSG_PRIORITY = 55000;
    private static final int HIGH_PRIORITY = 50000;
    private static final int DEFAULT_PRIORITY = 5000;
    private static final int LOW_PRIORITY = 4000;
    private static final int LOWEST_PRIORITY = 0;

    private static final int VXLAN_UDP_PORT = 4789;
    private static final VlanId VLAN_WAN = VlanId.vlanId((short) 500);

    private static final String PORT_NAME = "portName";
    private static final String DATA_PLANE_INTF = "dataPlaneIntf";
    private static final String DATA_PLANE_IP = "dataPlaneIp";
    private static final String S_TAG = "stag";

    private final ApplicationId appId;
    private final FlowRuleService flowRuleService;
    private final DeviceService deviceService;
    private final GroupService groupService;
    private final NetworkConfigRegistry configRegistry;
    private final String tunnelType;

    /**
     * Creates a new rule populator.
     *
     * @param appId application id
     * @param flowRuleService flow rule service
     * @param deviceService device service
     * @param groupService group service
     * @param configRegistry config registry
     * @param tunnelType tunnel type
     */
    public CordVtnRuleInstaller(ApplicationId appId,
                                FlowRuleService flowRuleService,
                                DeviceService deviceService,
                                GroupService groupService,
                                NetworkConfigRegistry configRegistry,
                                String tunnelType) {
        this.appId = appId;
        this.flowRuleService = flowRuleService;
        this.deviceService = deviceService;
        this.groupService = groupService;
        this.configRegistry = configRegistry;
        this.tunnelType = checkNotNull(tunnelType);
    }

    /**
     * Installs table miss rule to a give device.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id to install the rules
     * @param dpIntf data plane interface name
     * @param dpIp data plane ip address
     */
    public void init(DeviceId deviceId, String dpIntf, IpAddress dpIp) {
        // default is drop packets which can be accomplished without
        // a table miss entry for all table.
        PortNumber tunnelPort = getTunnelPort(deviceId);
        PortNumber dpPort = getDpPort(deviceId, dpIntf);

        processFirstTable(deviceId, dpPort, dpIp);
        processInPortTable(deviceId, tunnelPort, dpPort);
        processAccessTypeTable(deviceId, dpPort);
        processQInQTable(deviceId, dpPort);
    }

    /**
     * Flush flows installed by this application.
     */
    public void flushRules() {
        flowRuleService.getFlowRulesById(appId).forEach(flowRule -> processFlowRule(false, flowRule));
    }

    /**
     * Populates basic rules that connect a VM to the other VMs in the system.
     *
     * @param host host
     * @param service cord service
     * @param install true to install or false to remove
     */
    public void populateBasicConnectionRules(Host host, CordService service, boolean install) {
        checkNotNull(host);
        checkNotNull(service);

        DeviceId deviceId = host.location().deviceId();
        PortNumber inPort = host.location().port();
        MacAddress dstMac = host.mac();
        IpAddress hostIp = host.ipAddresses().stream().findFirst().get();

        long tunnelId = service.segmentationId();
        Ip4Prefix serviceIpRange = service.serviceIpRange().getIp4Prefix();

        populateLocalInPortRule(deviceId, inPort, hostIp, install);
        populateDstIpRule(deviceId, inPort, dstMac, hostIp, tunnelId, getTunnelIp(host), install);
        populateTunnelInRule(deviceId, inPort, dstMac, tunnelId, install);

        if (install) {
            populateDirectAccessRule(serviceIpRange, serviceIpRange, true);
            populateServiceIsolationRule(serviceIpRange, true);
        } else if (service.hosts().isEmpty()) {
            // removes network related rules only if there's no hosts left in this network
            populateDirectAccessRule(serviceIpRange, serviceIpRange, false);
            populateServiceIsolationRule(serviceIpRange, false);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates provider service group and populates service dependency rules.
     *
     * @param tService tenant cord service
     * @param pService provider cord service
     * @param isBidirectional true to enable bidirectional connection between two services
     * @param install true to install or false to remove
     */
    public void populateServiceDependencyRules(CordService tService, CordService pService,
                                               boolean isBidirectional, boolean install) {
        checkNotNull(tService);
        checkNotNull(pService);

        Ip4Prefix srcRange = tService.serviceIpRange().getIp4Prefix();
        Ip4Prefix dstRange = pService.serviceIpRange().getIp4Prefix();
        Ip4Address serviceIp = pService.serviceIp().getIp4Address();

        Map<DeviceId, GroupId> outGroups = Maps.newHashMap();
        Map<DeviceId, Set<PortNumber>> inPorts = Maps.newHashMap();

        getVirtualSwitches().stream().forEach(deviceId -> {
            GroupId groupId = createServiceGroup(deviceId, pService);
            outGroups.put(deviceId, groupId);

            Set<PortNumber> tServiceVms = tService.hosts().keySet()
                    .stream()
                    .filter(host -> host.location().deviceId().equals(deviceId))
                    .map(host -> host.location().port())
                    .collect(Collectors.toSet());
            inPorts.put(deviceId, tServiceVms);
        });

        populateIndirectAccessRule(srcRange, serviceIp, outGroups, install);
        populateDirectAccessRule(srcRange, dstRange, install);
        if (isBidirectional) {
            populateDirectAccessRule(dstRange, srcRange, install);
        }
        populateInServiceRule(inPorts, outGroups, install);
    }

    /**
     * Updates group buckets for a given service to all devices.
     *
     * @param service cord service
     */
    public void updateProviderServiceGroup(CordService service) {
        checkNotNull(service);

        GroupKey groupKey = getGroupKey(service.id());

        for (DeviceId deviceId : getVirtualSwitches()) {
            Group group = groupService.getGroup(deviceId, groupKey);
            if (group == null) {
                log.trace("No group exists for service {} in {}, do nothing.", service.id(), deviceId);
                continue;
            }

            List<GroupBucket> oldBuckets = group.buckets().buckets();
            List<GroupBucket> newBuckets = getServiceGroupBuckets(
                    deviceId, service.segmentationId(), service.hosts()).buckets();

            if (oldBuckets.equals(newBuckets)) {
                continue;
            }

            List<GroupBucket> bucketsToRemove = new ArrayList<>(oldBuckets);
            bucketsToRemove.removeAll(newBuckets);
            if (!bucketsToRemove.isEmpty()) {
                groupService.removeBucketsFromGroup(
                        deviceId,
                        groupKey,
                        new GroupBuckets(bucketsToRemove),
                        groupKey, appId);
            }

            List<GroupBucket> bucketsToAdd = new ArrayList<>(newBuckets);
            bucketsToAdd.removeAll(oldBuckets);
            if (!bucketsToAdd.isEmpty()) {
                groupService.addBucketsToGroup(
                        deviceId,
                        groupKey,
                        new GroupBuckets(bucketsToAdd),
                        groupKey, appId);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Updates tenant service indirect access rules when VM is created or removed.
     *
     * @param host removed vm
     * @param service tenant service
     */
    public void updateTenantServiceVm(Host host, CordService service) {
        checkNotNull(host);
        checkNotNull(service);

        DeviceId deviceId = host.location().deviceId();
        PortNumber inPort = host.location().port();

        service.providerServices().stream().forEach(pServiceId -> {
            Map<DeviceId, Set<PortNumber>> inPorts = Maps.newHashMap();
            Map<DeviceId, GroupId> outGroups = Maps.newHashMap();

            inPorts.put(deviceId, Sets.newHashSet(inPort));
            outGroups.put(deviceId, getGroupId(pServiceId, deviceId));

            populateInServiceRule(inPorts, outGroups, false);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Populates flow rules for management network access.
     *
     * @param host host which has management network interface
     * @param mService management network service
     */
    public void populateManagementNetworkRules(Host host, CordService mService) {
        checkNotNull(mService);

        DeviceId deviceId = host.location().deviceId();
        IpAddress hostIp = host.ipAddresses().stream().findFirst().get();

        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_ARP)
                .matchArpTpa(mService.serviceIp().getIp4Address())
                .build();

        TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(PortNumber.LOCAL)
                .build();

        FlowRule flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(MANAGEMENT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_FIRST)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(PortNumber.LOCAL)
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_ARP)
                .matchArpTpa(hostIp.getIp4Address())
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(host.location().port())
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(MANAGEMENT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_FIRST)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(PortNumber.LOCAL)
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_IPV4)
                .matchIPDst(mService.serviceIpRange())
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .transition(TABLE_DST_IP)
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(MANAGEMENT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_FIRST)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_IPV4)
                .matchIPDst(mService.serviceIp().toIpPrefix())
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(PortNumber.LOCAL)
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(MANAGEMENT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_ACCESS_TYPE)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);
    }

    /**
     * Populates rules for vSG VM.
     *
     * @param vSgHost vSG host
     * @param vSgIps set of ip addresses of vSGs running inside the vSG VM
     */
    public void populateSubscriberGatewayRules(Host vSgHost, Set<IpAddress> vSgIps) {
        VlanId serviceVlan = getServiceVlan(vSgHost);
        PortNumber dpPort = getDpPort(vSgHost);

        if (serviceVlan == null || dpPort == null) {
            log.warn("Failed to populate rules for vSG VM {}", vSgHost.id());
            return;
        }

        // for traffics with s-tag, strip the tag and take through the vSG VM
        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(dpPort)
                .matchVlanId(serviceVlan)
                .build();

        TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(vSgHost.location().port())
                .build();

        FlowRule flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(vSgHost.location().deviceId())
                .forTable(TABLE_Q_IN_Q)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        // for traffics with customer vlan, tag with the service vlan based on input port with
        // lower priority to avoid conflict with WAN tag
        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(vSgHost.location().port())
                .matchVlanId(serviceVlan)
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(dpPort)
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(vSgHost.location().deviceId())
                .forTable(TABLE_Q_IN_Q)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        // for traffic coming from WAN, tag 500 and take through the vSG VM
        // based on destination ip
        vSgIps.stream().forEach(ip -> {
            TrafficSelector downstream = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                    .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_IPV4)
                    .matchIPDst(ip.toIpPrefix())
                    .build();

            TrafficTreatment downstreamTreatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                    .pushVlan()
                    .setVlanId(VLAN_WAN)
                    .setEthDst(vSgHost.mac())
                    .setOutput(vSgHost.location().port())
                    .build();

            FlowRule downstreamFlowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                    .fromApp(appId)
                    .withSelector(downstream)
                    .withTreatment(downstreamTreatment)
                    .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                    .forDevice(vSgHost.location().deviceId())
                    .forTable(TABLE_DST_IP)
                    .makePermanent()
                    .build();

            processFlowRule(true, downstreamFlowRule);
        });

        // remove downstream flow rules for the vSG not shown in vSgIps
        for (FlowRule rule : flowRuleService.getFlowRulesById(appId)) {
            if (!rule.deviceId().equals(vSgHost.location().deviceId())) {
                continue;
            }
            PortNumber output = getOutputFromTreatment(rule);
            if (output == null || !output.equals(vSgHost.location().port()) ||
                    !isVlanPushFromTreatment(rule)) {
                continue;
            }

            IpPrefix dstIp = getDstIpFromSelector(rule);
            if (dstIp != null && !vSgIps.contains(dstIp.address())) {
                processFlowRule(false, rule);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Populates default rules on the first table.
     * It includes the rules for shuttling vxlan-encapped packets between ovs and
     * linux stack,and external network connectivity.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id
     * @param dpPort data plane interface port number
     * @param dpIp data plane ip address
     */
    private void processFirstTable(DeviceId deviceId, PortNumber dpPort, IpAddress dpIp) {
        // take vxlan packet out onto the physical port
        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(PortNumber.LOCAL)
                .build();

        TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(dpPort)
                .build();

        FlowRule flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(HIGH_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_FIRST)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        // take a vxlan encap'd packet through the Linux stack
        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(dpPort)
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_IPV4)
                .matchIPProtocol(IPv4.PROTOCOL_UDP)
                .matchUdpDst(TpPort.tpPort(VXLAN_UDP_PORT))
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(PortNumber.LOCAL)
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(HIGH_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_FIRST)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        // take a packet to the data plane ip through Linux stack
        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(dpPort)
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_IPV4)
                .matchIPDst(dpIp.toIpPrefix())
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(PortNumber.LOCAL)
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(HIGH_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_FIRST)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        // take an arp packet from physical through Linux stack
        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(dpPort)
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_ARP)
                .matchArpTpa(dpIp.getIp4Address())
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(PortNumber.LOCAL)
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(HIGH_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_FIRST)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        // take all else to the next table
        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .transition(TABLE_IN_PORT)
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(LOWEST_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_FIRST)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        // take all vlan tagged packet to the Q_IN_Q table
        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchVlanId(VlanId.ANY)
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .transition(TABLE_Q_IN_Q)
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(VSG_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_FIRST)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);
    }

    /**
     * Forward table miss packets in ACCESS_TYPE table to data plane port.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id
     * @param dpPort data plane interface port number
     */
    private void processAccessTypeTable(DeviceId deviceId, PortNumber dpPort) {
        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .build();

        TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(dpPort)
                .build();

        FlowRule flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(LOWEST_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_ACCESS_TYPE)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);
    }

    /**
     * Populates default rules for IN_PORT table.
     * All packets from tunnel port are forwarded to TUNNEL_ID table and all packets
     * from data plane interface port to ACCESS_TYPE table.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id to install the rules
     * @param tunnelPort tunnel port number
     * @param dpPort data plane interface port number
     */
    private void processInPortTable(DeviceId deviceId, PortNumber tunnelPort, PortNumber dpPort) {
        checkNotNull(tunnelPort);

        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(tunnelPort)
                .build();

        TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .transition(TABLE_TUNNEL_IN)
                .build();

        FlowRule flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_IN_PORT)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(dpPort)
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .transition(TABLE_DST_IP)
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_IN_PORT)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);
    }

    /**
     * Populates default rules for Q_IN_Q table.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id
     * @param dpPort data plane interface port number
     */
    private void processQInQTable(DeviceId deviceId, PortNumber dpPort) {
        // for traffic going out to WAN, strip vid 500 and take through data plane interface
        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchVlanId(VLAN_WAN)
                .build();

        TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .popVlan()
                .setOutput(dpPort)
                .build();

        FlowRule flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_Q_IN_Q)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);

        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchVlanId(VLAN_WAN)
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_ARP)
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(PortNumber.CONTROLLER)
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(HIGH_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_Q_IN_Q)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(true, flowRule);
    }

    /**
     * Populates rules for local in port in IN_PORT table.
     * Flows from a given in port, whose source IP is service IP transition
     * to DST_TYPE table. Other flows transition to IN_SERVICE table.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id to install the rules
     * @param inPort in port
     * @param srcIp source ip
     * @param install true to install or false to remove
     */
    private void populateLocalInPortRule(DeviceId deviceId, PortNumber inPort, IpAddress srcIp,
                                         boolean install) {
        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(inPort)
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_IPV4)
                .matchIPSrc(srcIp.toIpPrefix())
                .build();

        TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .transition(TABLE_ACCESS_TYPE)
                .build();


        FlowRule flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_IN_PORT)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(install, flowRule);

        selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchInPort(inPort)
                .build();

        treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .transition(TABLE_IN_SERVICE)
                .build();

        flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(LOW_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_IN_PORT)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(install, flowRule);
    }

    /**
     * Populates direct VM access rules for ACCESS_TYPE table.
     * These rules are installed to all devices.
     *
     * @param srcRange source ip range
     * @param dstRange destination ip range
     * @param install true to install or false to remove
     */
    private void populateDirectAccessRule(Ip4Prefix srcRange, Ip4Prefix dstRange, boolean install) {
        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_IPV4)
                .matchIPSrc(srcRange)
                .matchIPDst(dstRange)
                .build();

        TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .transition(TABLE_DST_IP)
                .build();


        getVirtualSwitches().stream().forEach(deviceId -> {
            FlowRule flowRuleDirect = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                    .fromApp(appId)
                    .withSelector(selector)
                    .withTreatment(treatment)
                    .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                    .forDevice(deviceId)
                    .forTable(TABLE_ACCESS_TYPE)
                    .makePermanent()
                    .build();

            processFlowRule(install, flowRuleDirect);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Populates drop rules that does not match any direct access rules but has
     * destination to a different service network in ACCESS_TYPE table.
     *
     * @param dstRange destination ip range
     * @param install true to install or false to remove
     */
    private void populateServiceIsolationRule(Ip4Prefix dstRange, boolean install) {
        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_IPV4)
                .matchIPDst(dstRange)
                .build();

        TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .drop()
                .build();

        getVirtualSwitches().stream().forEach(deviceId -> {
            FlowRule flowRuleDirect = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                    .fromApp(appId)
                    .withSelector(selector)
                    .withTreatment(treatment)
                    .withPriority(LOW_PRIORITY)
                    .forDevice(deviceId)
                    .forTable(TABLE_ACCESS_TYPE)
                    .makePermanent()
                    .build();

            processFlowRule(install, flowRuleDirect);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Populates indirect service access rules for ACCESS_TYPE table.
     * These rules are installed to all devices.
     *
     * @param srcRange source range
     * @param serviceIp service ip
     * @param outGroups list of output group
     * @param install true to install or false to remove
     */
    private void populateIndirectAccessRule(Ip4Prefix srcRange, Ip4Address serviceIp,
                                            Map<DeviceId, GroupId> outGroups, boolean install) {
        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_IPV4)
                .matchIPSrc(srcRange)
                .matchIPDst(serviceIp.toIpPrefix())
                .build();

        for (Map.Entry<DeviceId, GroupId> outGroup : outGroups.entrySet()) {
            TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                    .group(outGroup.getValue())
                    .build();

            FlowRule flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                    .fromApp(appId)
                    .withSelector(selector)
                    .withTreatment(treatment)
                    .withPriority(HIGH_PRIORITY)
                    .forDevice(outGroup.getKey())
                    .forTable(TABLE_ACCESS_TYPE)
                    .makePermanent()
                    .build();

            processFlowRule(install, flowRule);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Populates flow rules for IN_SERVICE table.
     *
     * @param inPorts list of inports related to the service for each device
     * @param outGroups set of output groups
     * @param install true to install or false to remove
     */
    private void populateInServiceRule(Map<DeviceId, Set<PortNumber>> inPorts,
                                       Map<DeviceId, GroupId> outGroups, boolean install) {
        checkNotNull(inPorts);
        checkNotNull(outGroups);

        for (Map.Entry<DeviceId, Set<PortNumber>> entry : inPorts.entrySet()) {
            Set<PortNumber> ports = entry.getValue();
            DeviceId deviceId = entry.getKey();

            GroupId groupId = outGroups.get(deviceId);
            if (groupId == null) {
                continue;
            }

            ports.stream().forEach(port -> {
                TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                        .matchInPort(port)
                        .build();

                TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                        .group(groupId)
                        .build();

                FlowRule flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                        .fromApp(appId)
                        .withSelector(selector)
                        .withTreatment(treatment)
                        .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                        .forDevice(deviceId)
                        .forTable(TABLE_IN_SERVICE)
                        .makePermanent()
                        .build();

                processFlowRule(install, flowRule);
            });
        }
    }

    /**
     * Populates flow rules for DST_IP table.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id
     * @param inPort in port
     * @param dstMac mac address
     * @param dstIp destination ip
     * @param tunnelId tunnel id
     * @param tunnelIp tunnel remote ip
     * @param install true to install or false to remove
     */
    private void populateDstIpRule(DeviceId deviceId, PortNumber inPort, MacAddress dstMac,
                                   IpAddress dstIp, long tunnelId, IpAddress tunnelIp,
                                   boolean install) {
        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchEthType(Ethernet.TYPE_IPV4)
                .matchIPDst(dstIp.toIpPrefix())
                .build();

        TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setEthDst(dstMac)
                .setOutput(inPort)
                .build();

        FlowRule flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_DST_IP)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(install, flowRule);

        for (DeviceId vSwitchId : getVirtualSwitches()) {
            if (vSwitchId.equals(deviceId)) {
                continue;
            }

            ExtensionTreatment tunnelDst = getTunnelDst(vSwitchId, tunnelIp.getIp4Address());
            if (tunnelDst == null) {
                continue;
            }

            treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                    .setEthDst(dstMac)
                    .setTunnelId(tunnelId)
                    .extension(tunnelDst, vSwitchId)
                    .setOutput(getTunnelPort(vSwitchId))
                    .build();

            flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                    .fromApp(appId)
                    .withSelector(selector)
                    .withTreatment(treatment)
                    .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                    .forDevice(vSwitchId)
                    .forTable(TABLE_DST_IP)
                    .makePermanent()
                    .build();

            processFlowRule(install, flowRule);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Populates flow rules for TUNNEL_ID table.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id
     * @param inPort in port
     * @param mac mac address
     * @param tunnelId tunnel id
     * @param install true to install or false to remove
     */
    private void populateTunnelInRule(DeviceId deviceId, PortNumber inPort, MacAddress mac,
                                      long tunnelId, boolean install) {
        TrafficSelector selector = DefaultTrafficSelector.builder()
                .matchTunnelId(tunnelId)
                .matchEthDst(mac)
                .build();

        TrafficTreatment treatment = DefaultTrafficTreatment.builder()
                .setOutput(inPort)
                .build();

        FlowRule flowRule = DefaultFlowRule.builder()
                .fromApp(appId)
                .withSelector(selector)
                .withTreatment(treatment)
                .withPriority(DEFAULT_PRIORITY)
                .forDevice(deviceId)
                .forTable(TABLE_TUNNEL_IN)
                .makePermanent()
                .build();

        processFlowRule(install, flowRule);
    }

    /**
     * Installs or uninstall a given rule.
     *
     * @param install true to install, false to uninstall
     * @param rule rule
     */
    private void processFlowRule(boolean install, FlowRule rule) {
        FlowRuleOperations.Builder oBuilder = FlowRuleOperations.builder();
        oBuilder = install ? oBuilder.add(rule) : oBuilder.remove(rule);

        flowRuleService.apply(oBuilder.build(new FlowRuleOperationsContext() {
            @Override
            public void onError(FlowRuleOperations ops) {
                log.error(String.format("Failed %s, %s", ops.toString(), rule.toString()));
            }
        }));
    }

    /**
     * Returns tunnel port of the device.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id
     * @return tunnel port number, or null if no tunnel port exists on a given device
     */
    private PortNumber getTunnelPort(DeviceId deviceId) {
        Port port = deviceService.getPorts(deviceId).stream()
                .filter(p -> p.annotations().value(PORT_NAME).contains(tunnelType))
                .findFirst().orElse(null);

        return port == null ? null : port.number();
    }

    /**
     * Returns data plane interface port name of a given device.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id
     * @param dpIntf data plane interface port name
     * @return data plane interface port number, or null if no such port exists
     */
    private PortNumber getDpPort(DeviceId deviceId, String dpIntf) {
        Port port = deviceService.getPorts(deviceId).stream()
                .filter(p -> p.annotations().value(PORT_NAME).contains(dpIntf) &&
                        p.isEnabled())
                .findFirst().orElse(null);

        return port == null ? null : port.number();
    }

    /** Returns data plane interface port number of a given host.
     *
     * @param host host
     * @return port number, or null
     */
    private PortNumber getDpPort(Host host) {
        String portName = host.annotations().value(DATA_PLANE_INTF);
        return portName == null ? null : getDpPort(host.location().deviceId(), portName);
    }

    /**
     * Returns service vlan from a given host.
     *
     * @param host host
     * @return vlan id, or null
     */
    private VlanId getServiceVlan(Host host) {
        String serviceVlan = host.annotations().value(S_TAG);
        return serviceVlan == null ? null : VlanId.vlanId(Short.parseShort(serviceVlan));
    }

    /**
     * Returns IP address for tunneling for a given host.
     *
     * @param host host
     * @return ip address, or null
     */
    private IpAddress getTunnelIp(Host host) {
        String ip = host.annotations().value(DATA_PLANE_IP);
        return ip == null ? null : IpAddress.valueOf(ip);
    }


    /**
     * Returns the destination IP from a given flow rule if the rule contains
     * the match of it.
     *
     * @param flowRule flow rule
     * @return ip prefix, or null if the rule doesn't have ip match
     */
    private IpPrefix getDstIpFromSelector(FlowRule flowRule) {
        Criterion criterion = flowRule.selector().getCriterion(IPV4_DST);
        if (criterion != null && criterion instanceof IPCriterion) {
            IPCriterion ip = (IPCriterion) criterion;
            return ip.ip();
        } else {
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the output port number from a given flow rule.
     *
     * @param flowRule flow rule
     * @return port number, or null if the rule does not have output instruction
     */
    private PortNumber getOutputFromTreatment(FlowRule flowRule) {
        Instruction instruction = flowRule.treatment().allInstructions().stream()
                .filter(inst -> inst instanceof Instructions.OutputInstruction)
                .findFirst()
                .orElse(null);

        if (instruction == null) {
            return null;
        }

        return ((Instructions.OutputInstruction) instruction).port();
    }

    /**
     * Returns if a given flow rule has vlan push instruction or not.
     *
     * @param flowRule flow rule
     * @return true if it includes vlan push, or false
     */
    private boolean isVlanPushFromTreatment(FlowRule flowRule) {
        Instruction instruction = flowRule.treatment().allInstructions().stream()
                .filter(inst -> inst instanceof L2ModificationInstruction)
                .filter(inst -> ((L2ModificationInstruction) inst).subtype().equals(VLAN_PUSH))
                .findAny()
                .orElse(null);

        return instruction != null;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new group for a given service.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id to create a group
     * @param service cord service
     * @return group id, or null if it fails to create
     */
    private GroupId createServiceGroup(DeviceId deviceId, CordService service) {
        checkNotNull(service);

        GroupKey groupKey = getGroupKey(service.id());
        Group group = groupService.getGroup(deviceId, groupKey);
        GroupId groupId = getGroupId(service.id(), deviceId);

        if (group != null) {
            log.debug("Group {} is already exist in {}", service.id(), deviceId);
            return groupId;
        }

        GroupBuckets buckets = getServiceGroupBuckets(
                deviceId, service.segmentationId(), service.hosts());
        GroupDescription groupDescription = new DefaultGroupDescription(
                deviceId,
                GroupDescription.Type.SELECT,
                buckets,
                groupKey,
                groupId.id(),
                appId);

        groupService.addGroup(groupDescription);

        return groupId;
    }

    /**
     * Returns group buckets for a given device.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id
     * @param tunnelId tunnel id
     * @param hosts list of host
     * @return group buckets
     */
    private GroupBuckets getServiceGroupBuckets(DeviceId deviceId, long tunnelId,
                                                Map<Host, IpAddress> hosts) {
        List<GroupBucket> buckets = Lists.newArrayList();

        for (Map.Entry<Host, IpAddress> entry : hosts.entrySet()) {
            Host host = entry.getKey();
            Ip4Address remoteIp = entry.getValue().getIp4Address();
            DeviceId hostDevice = host.location().deviceId();

            TrafficTreatment.Builder tBuilder = DefaultTrafficTreatment
                    .builder()
                    .setEthDst(host.mac());

            if (deviceId.equals(hostDevice)) {
                tBuilder.setOutput(host.location().port());
            } else {
                ExtensionTreatment tunnelDst = getTunnelDst(deviceId, remoteIp);
                if (tunnelDst == null) {
                    continue;
                }

                tBuilder.extension(tunnelDst, deviceId)
                        .setTunnelId(tunnelId)
                        .setOutput(getTunnelPort(hostDevice));
            }

            buckets.add(DefaultGroupBucket.createSelectGroupBucket(tBuilder.build()));
        }

        return new GroupBuckets(buckets);
    }

    /**
     * Returns globally unique group ID.
     *
     * @param serviceId service id
     * @param deviceId device id
     * @return group id
     */
    private GroupId getGroupId(CordServiceId serviceId, DeviceId deviceId) {
        return new DefaultGroupId(Objects.hash(serviceId, deviceId));
    }

    /**
     * Returns group key of a service.
     *
     * @param serviceId service id
     * @return group key
     */
    private GroupKey getGroupKey(CordServiceId serviceId) {
        return new DefaultGroupKey(serviceId.id().getBytes());
    }

    /**
     * Returns extension instruction to set tunnel destination.
     *
     * @param deviceId device id
     * @param remoteIp tunnel destination address
     * @return extension treatment or null if it fails to get instruction
     */
    private ExtensionTreatment getTunnelDst(DeviceId deviceId, Ip4Address remoteIp) {
        try {
            Device device = deviceService.getDevice(deviceId);

            if (device.is(ExtensionTreatmentResolver.class)) {
                ExtensionTreatmentResolver resolver = device.as(ExtensionTreatmentResolver.class);
                ExtensionTreatment treatment =
                        resolver.getExtensionInstruction(NICIRA_SET_TUNNEL_DST.type());
                treatment.setPropertyValue("tunnelDst", remoteIp);

                return treatment;
            } else {
                log.warn("The extension treatment resolving behaviour is not supported in device {}",
                        device.id().toString());
                return null;
            }
        } catch (ItemNotFoundException | UnsupportedOperationException |
                ExtensionPropertyException e) {
            log.error("Failed to get extension instruction {}", deviceId);
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns integration bridges configured in the system.
     *
     * @return set of device ids
     */
    private Set<DeviceId> getVirtualSwitches() {
        CordVtnConfig config = configRegistry.getConfig(appId, CordVtnConfig.class);
        if (config == null) {
            log.debug("No configuration found for {}", appId.name());
            return Sets.newHashSet();
        }

        return config.cordVtnNodes().stream()
                .map(CordVtnNode::intBrId).collect(Collectors.toSet());
    }
}